Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2016/1032 of 13 June 2016 establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, for the non-ferrous metals industries (notified under document C(2016) 3563)Text with EEA relevance

Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2016/1032 of 13 June 2016 establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, for the non-ferrous metals industries (notified under document C(2016) 3563) (Text with EEA relevance) THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Having regard to Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) OJ L 334, 17.12.2010, p. 17. , and in particular Article 13(5) thereof, Whereas: (1) Best available techniques (BAT) conclusions are the reference for setting permit conditions for installations covered by Chapter II of Directive 2010/75/EU and competent authorities should set emission limit values which ensure that, under normal operating conditions, emissions do not exceed the emission levels associated with the best available techniques as laid down in the BAT conclusions. (2) The forum composed of representatives of Member States, the industries concerned and non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection, established by Commission Decision of 16 May 2011 OJ C 146, 17.5.2011, p. 3. , provided the Commission on 4 December 2014 with its opinion on the proposed content of the BAT reference document for the non-ferrous metals industries. That opinion is publicly available. (3) The BAT conclusions set out in the Annex to this Decision are the key element of that BAT reference document. (4) The measures provided for in this Decision are in accordance with the opinion of the Committee established by Article 75(1) of Directive 2010/75/EU, HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:

Article 1

The best available techniques (BAT) conclusions for the non-ferrous metals industries, as set out in the Annex, are adopted.

Article 2

This Decision is addressed to the Member States. Done at Brussels, 13 June 2016. For the Commission Karmenu VELLA Member of the Commission

Annex

ANNEX BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE NON-FERROUS METALS INDUSTRIES SCOPE These BAT conclusions concern certain activities specified in Sections 2.1, 2.5 and 6.8 of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU, namely: —2.1Metal ore (including sulphide ore) roasting or sintering;—2.5 Processing of non-ferrous metals: (a) production of non-ferrous crude metals from ore, concentrates or secondary raw materials by metallurgical, chemical or electrolytic processes; (b) melting, including the alloyage, of non-ferrous metals, including recovered products and operation of non-ferrous metal foundries, with a melting capacity exceeding 4 tonnes per day for lead and cadmium or 20 tonnes per day for all other metals; —6.8Production of carbon (hard-burnt coal) or electrographite by means of incineration or graphitisation. In particular, these BAT conclusions cover the following processes and activities: primary and secondary production of non-ferrous metals;

the production of zinc oxide from fumes during the production of other metals; the production of nickel compounds from liquors during the production of a metal; the production of silicon-calcium (CaSi) and silicon (Si) in the same furnace as the production of ferro-silicon; the production of aluminium oxide from bauxite prior to the production of primary aluminium, where this is an integral part of the production of the metal; the recycling of aluminium salt slag; the production of carbon and/or graphite electrodes. These BAT conclusions do not address the following activities or processes: Iron ore sintering. This is covered in the BAT conclusions for Iron and Steel production. The production of sulphuric acid based on SO2 gases from non-ferrous metals production. This is covered in the BAT conclusions on Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals-Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers. Foundries covered in the BAT conclusions for the Smitheries and Foundries Industry. Other reference documents which could be of relevance for the activities covered in these BAT conclusions are the following. Reference documentSubjectEnergy Efficiency (ENE)General aspects of energy efficiencyCommon Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the Chemical Sector (CWW)Waste water treatment techniques to reduce emissions of metals to waterLarge Volume Inorganic Chemicals-Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers (LVIC-AAF)Sulphuric acid productionIndustrial Cooling Systems (ICS)Indirect cooling with water and/or airEmissions from Storage (EFS)Storage and handling of materialsEconomics and Cross-media Effects (ECM)Economics and cross-media effects of techniques Monitoring of Emissions to Air and Water from IED installations (ROM)Monitoring of emissions to air and waterWaste Treatments Industries (WT)Waste handling and treatmentLarge Combustion Plants (LCP)Combustion plants generating steam and/or electricitySurface Treatment Using Organic Solvents (STS)Non-acid picklingSurface Treatment of Metals and Plastics (STM)Acid pickling DEFINITIONS For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, the following definitions apply: Term usedDefinitionNew plantA plant first permitted at the site of the installation following the publication of these BAT conclusions or a complete replacement of a plant on the existing foundations of the installation following the publication of these BAT conclusionsExisting plantA plant that is not a new plantMajor upgradeA major change in the design or technology of a plant and with major adjustments or replacements of the process units and associated equipmentPrimary emissionsEmissions directly vented from the furnaces that are not spread to the areas surrounding the furnacesSecondary emissionsEmissions escaping from the furnace lining or during operations such as charging or tapping and which are captured with a hood or enclosure (such as doghouse)Primary productionProduction of metals using ores and concentratesSecondary productionProduction of metals using residues and/or scraps, including remelting and alloying processesContinuous measurementMeasurement using an automated measuring system permanently installed on site for the continuous monitoring of emissionsPeriodic measurementDetermination of a measurand (a particular quantity subject to measurement) at specified time intervals using manual or automated methods

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Best Available Techniques The techniques listed and described in these BAT conclusions are neither prescriptive nor exhaustive. Other techniques may be used that ensure at least an equivalent level of environmental protection. Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions are generally applicable. Emission levels to air associated with BAT Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to air given in these BAT conclusions refer to standard conditions: dry gas at a temperature of 273,15 K, and a pressure of 101,3 kPa. Averaging periods for emissions to air For averaging periods for emissions to air, the following definitions apply. For batch processes, the average of a representative number of measurements taken over the total batch time or the result of a measurement carried out over the total batch time can be used. Daily averageAverage over a period of 24 hours of valid half-hourly or hourly averages obtained by continuous measurementsAverage over the sampling periodAverage value of three consecutive measurements of at least 30 minutes each, unless otherwise stated Averaging periods for emissions to water For averaging periods for emissions to water, the following definition applies. For discontinuous flows, a different sampling procedure yielding representative results (e.g. spot sampling) can be used. Daily averageAverage over a sampling period of 24 hours taken as a flow-proportional composite sample (or as a time-proportional composite sample provided that sufficient flow stability is demonstrated) ACRONYMS TermMeaningBaPBenzo[a]pyreneESPElectrostatic precipitatorI-TEQInternational toxic equivalency derived by applying international toxic equivalence factors, as defined in Annex VI, part 2 of Directive 2010/75/EUNOXThe sum of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), expressed as NO2PCDD/FPolychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (17 congeners)PAHPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsTVOCTotal volatile organic carbon; total volatile organic compounds which are measured by a flame ionisation detector (FID) and expressed as total carbonVOCVolatile organic compounds as defined in Article 3(45) of Directive 2010/75/EU 1.1. GENERAL BAT CONCLUSIONS Any relevant process-specific BAT conclusions in Sections 1.2 to 1.9 apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions in this section. 1.1.1. Environmental management systems (EMS) BAT 1. In order to improve the overall environmental performance, BAT is to implement and adhere to an environmental management system (EMS) that incorporates all of the following features: (a) commitment of the management, including senior management; (b) definition of an environmental policy that includes the continuous improvement of the installation by the management; (c) planning and establishing the necessary procedures, objectives and targets, in conjunction with financial planning and investment; (d) implementation of procedures paying particular attention to:

(i) structure and responsibility, (ii) recruitment, training, awareness and competence, (iii) communication, (iv) employee involvement, (v) documentation, (vi) effective process control, (vii) maintenance programmes, (viii) emergency preparedness and response, (ix) safeguarding compliance with environmental legislation; (e) checking performance and taking corrective action, paying particular attention to: (i) monitoring and measurement (see also the Reference Report on Monitoring of emissions to Air and Water from IED installations-ROM), (ii) corrective and preventive action, (iii) maintenance of records, (iv) independent (where practicable) internal or external auditing in order to determine whether or not the EMS conforms to planned arrangements and has been properly implemented and maintained; (f) review of the EMS and its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness by senior management; (g) following the development of cleaner technologies; (h) consideration for the environmental impacts from the eventual decommissioning of the installation at the stage of designing a new plant, and throughout its operating life; (i) application of sectoral benchmarking on a regular basis. The establishment and implementation of an action plan on diffuse dust emissions (see BAT 6) and the application of a maintenance management system which especially addresses the performance of dust abatement systems (see BAT 4) are also a part of the EMS. Applicability The scope (e.g. level of detail) and nature of the EMS (e.g. standardised or non-standardised) will generally be related to the nature, scale and complexity of the installation, and the range of environmental impacts it may have. 1.1.2. Energy management BAT 2. In order to use energy efficiently, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaEnergy efficiency management system (e.g. ISO 50001)Generally applicablebRegenerative or recuperative burnersGenerally applicablecHeat recovery (e.g. steam, hot water, hot air) from waste process heatOnly applicable for pyrometallurgical processesdRegenerative thermal oxidiserOnly applicable when the abatement of a combustible pollutant is requiredePreheat the furnace charge, combustion air or fuel using the heat recovered from hot gases from the melting stageOnly applicable for roasting or smelting of sulphide ore/concentrate and for other pyrometallurgical processesfRaise the temperature of the leaching liquors using steam or hot water from waste heat recoveryOnly applicable for alumina or hydrometallurgical processesgUse hot gases from the launder as preheated combustion airOnly applicable for pyrometallurgical processeshUse oxygen-enriched air or pure oxygen in the burners to reduce energy consumption by allowing autogenous smelting or the complete combustion of carbonaceous materialOnly applicable for furnaces that use raw materials containing sulphur or carboniDry concentrates and wet raw materials at low temperaturesOnly applicable when drying is performedjRecover the chemical energy content of the carbon monoxide produced in an electric or shaft/blast furnace by using the exhaust gases as a fuel, after the removal of metals, in other production processes or to produce steam/hot water or electricityOnly applicable to exhaust gases with a CO content > 10 vol-%. Applicability is also influenced by the composition of the exhaust gas and the unavailability of a continuous flow (i.e. batch processes)kRecirculate the flue-gas back through an oxy-fuel burner to recover the energy contained in the total organic carbon presentGenerally applicablelSuitable insulation for high temperature equipment such as steam and hot water pipesGenerally applicablemUse the heat generated from the production of sulphuric acid from sulphur dioxide to preheat gas directed to the sulphuric acid plant or to generate steam and/or hot waterOnly applicable for non-ferrous metals plants including sulphuric acid or liquid SO2 productionnUse high efficiency electric motors equipped with variable-frequency drive, for equipment such as fansGenerally applicableoUse control systems that automatically activate the air extraction system or adjust the extraction rate depending on actual emissionsGenerally applicable

1.1.3. Process control BAT 3. In order to improve overall environmental performance, BAT is to ensure stable process operation by using a process control system together with a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaInspect and select input materials according to the process and the abatement techniques appliedbGood mixing of the feed materials to achieve optimum conversion efficiency and reduce emissions and rejectscFeed weighing and metering systemsdProcessors to control material feed rate, critical process parameters and conditions including the alarm, combustion conditions and gas additionseOn-line monitoring of the furnace temperature, furnace pressure and gas flowfMonitor the critical process parameters of the air emission abatement plant such as gas temperature, reagent metering, pressure drop, ESP current and voltage, scrubbing liquid flow and pH and gaseous components (e.g. O2, CO, VOC)gControl dust and mercury in the exhaust gas before transfer to the sulphuric acid plant for plants including sulphuric acid or liquid SO2 productionhOn-line monitoring of vibrations to detect blockages and possible equipment failureiOn-line monitoring of the current, voltage and electrical contact temperatures in electrolytic processesjTemperature monitoring and control at melting and smelting furnaces to prevent the generation of metal and metal oxide fumes through overheatingkProcessor to control the reagents feeding and the performance of the waste water treatment plant, through on-line monitoring of temperature, turbidity, pH, conductivity and flow BAT 4. In order to reduce channelled dust and metal emissions to air, BAT is to apply a maintenance management system which especially addresses the performance of dust abatement systems as part of the environmental management system (see BAT 1). 1.1.4. Diffuse emissions 1.1.4.1. General approach for the prevention of diffuse emissions BAT 5. In order to prevent or, where this is not practicable, to reduce diffuse emissions to air and water, BAT is to collect diffuse emissions as much as possible nearest to the source and treat them. BAT 6. In order to prevent or, where this is not practicable, to reduce diffuse dust emissions to air, BAT is to set up and implement an action plan on diffuse dust emissions, as part of the environmental management system (see BAT 1), that incorporates both of the following measures: a. identify the most relevant diffuse dust emission sources (using e.g. EN 15445); b. define and implement appropriate actions and techniques to prevent or reduce diffuse emissions over a given time frame. 1.1.4.2. Diffuse emissions from the storage, handling and transport of raw materials BAT 7. In order to prevent diffuse emissions from the storage of raw materials, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaEnclosed buildings or silos/bins for storing dust-forming materials such as concentrates, fluxes and fine materialsbCovered storage of non-dust-forming materials such as concentrates, fluxes, solid fuels, bulk materials and coke and secondary materials that contain water-soluble organic compoundscSealed packaging of dust-forming materials or secondary materials that contain water-soluble organic compoundsdCovered bays for storing material which has been pelletised or agglomeratedeUse water sprays and fog sprays with or without additives such as latex for dust-forming materialsfDust/gas extraction devices placed at the transfer and tipping points for dust-forming materialsgCertified pressure vessels for storing chlorine gas or mixtures that contain chlorinehTank construction materials that are resistant to the contained materialsiReliable leak detection systems and display of tank’s level, with an alarm to prevent overfillsjStore reactive materials in double-walled tanks or tanks placed in chemical-resistant bunds of the same capacity and use a storage area that is impermeable and resistant to the material storedk

Design storage areas so that any leaks from tanks and delivery systems are intercepted and contained in bunds that have a capacity capable of containing at least the volume of the largest storage tank within the bund; delivery points are within the bund to collect any spilled material lUse inert gas blanketing for the storage of materials that react with airmCollect and treat emissions from storage with an abatement system designed to treat the compounds stored. Collect and treat before discharge any water that washes dust away.nRegular cleaning of the storage area and, when needed, moistening with wateroPlace the longitudinal axis of the heap parallel to the prevailing wind direction in the case of outdoor storagepProtective planting, windbreak fences or upwind mounts to lower the wind velocity in the case of outdoor storageqOne heap instead of several where feasible in the case of outdoor storagerUse oil and solid interceptors for the drainage of open outdoor storage areas. Use of concreted areas that have kerbs or other containment devices for the storage of material that can release oil, such as swarf Applicability BAT 7. e is not applicable to processes that require dry materials or ores/concentrates that naturally contain sufficient humidity to prevent dust formation. The applicability may be limited in regions with water shortages or with very low temperatures BAT 8. In order to prevent diffuse emissions from the handling and transport of raw materials, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaEnclosed conveyors or pneumatic systems to transfer and handle dust-forming concentrates and fluxes and fine-grained materialbCovered conveyors to handle non-dust-forming solid materialscExtraction of dust from delivery points, silo vents, pneumatic transfer systems and conveyor transfer points, and connection to a filtration system (for dust-forming materials)dClosed bags or drums to handle materials with dispersible or water-soluble componentseSuitable containers to handle pelletised materialsfSprinkling to moisten the materials at handling pointsgMinimise transport distanceshReduce the drop height of conveyor belts, mechanical shovels or grabsiAdjust the speed of open belt conveyors (< 3,5 m/s)jMinimise the speed of descent or free fall height of the materialskPlace transfer conveyors and pipelines in safe, open areas above ground so that leaks can be detected quickly and damage from vehicles and other equipment can be prevented. If buried pipelines are used for non-hazardous materials, document and mark their course and adopt safe excavation systemslAutomatic resealing of delivery connections for handling liquid and liquefied gasmBack-vent displaced gases to the delivery vehicle to reduce emissions of VOCnWash wheels and chassis of vehicles used to deliver or handle dusty materialsoUse planned campaigns for road sweepingpSegregate incompatible materials (e.g. oxidising agents and organic materials)qMinimise material transfers between processes

Applicability BAT 8.n. may not be applicable when ice could be formed. 1.1.4.3. Diffuse emissions from metal production BAT 9. In order to prevent or, where this is not practicable, to reduce diffuse emissions from metal production, BAT is to optimise the efficiency of off-gas collection and treatment by using a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaThermal or mechanical pretreatment of secondary raw material to minimise organic contamination of the furnace feedGenerally applicablebUse a closed furnace with a properly designed dedusting system or seal the furnace and other process units with an adequate vent systemThe applicability may be restricted by safety constraints (e.g. type/design of the furnace, risk of explosion) cUse a secondary hood for furnace operations such as charging and tappingThe applicability may be restricted by safety constraints (e.g. type/design of the furnace, risk of explosion)dDust or fume collection where dusty material transfers take place (e.g. furnace charging and tapping points, covered launders)Generally applicableeOptimise the design and operation of hooding and ductwork to capture fumes arising from the feed port and from hot metal, matte or slag tapping and transfers in covered laundersFor existing plants, the applicability may be limited by space and plant configuration restrictionsfFurnace/reactor enclosures such as house-in-house or doghouse for tapping and charging operationsFor existing plants, the applicability may be limited by space and plant configuration restrictionsgOptimise the off-gas flow from the furnace through computerised fluid dynamics studies and tracersGenerally applicablehCharging systems for semi-closed furnaces to add raw materials in small amountsGenerally applicableiTreat the collected emissions in an adequate abatement systemGenerally applicable 1.1.5. Monitoring of emissions to air BAT 10. BAT is to monitor the stack emissions to air with at least the frequency given below and in accordance with EN standards. If EN standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO, national or other international standards that ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality. Note: other non-ferrous metals means the production of non-ferrous metals other than those dealt with specifically in Sections 1.2 to 1.8. For sources of high emissions, BAT is continuous measurement or, where continuous measurement is not applicable, more frequent periodic monitoring. For small sources (< 10000 Nm3/h) of dust emissions from the storage and handling of raw materials, monitoring could be based on the measurement of surrogate parameters (such as the pressure drop). The metals to be monitored depend on the composition of the raw materials used. Related to BAT 69(a), a mass balance can be used to calculate SO2 emissions, based on the measurement of the sulphur content of each of the anode batches consumed. Where relevant in view of factors such as the halogenated organic compounds content of the raw materials used, the temperature profile, etc.

Monitoring is relevant when the raw materials contain sulphur. Monitoring may not be relevant for hydrometallurgical processes. Where relevant in view of the organic compounds content of the raw materials used. ParameterMonitoring associated withMinimum monitoring frequencyStandard(s)Dust Copper: BAT 38, BAT 39, BAT 40, BAT 43, BAT 44, BAT 45 Aluminium: BAT 56, BAT 58, BAT 59, BAT 60, BAT 61, BAT 67, BAT 81, BAT 88 Lead, Tin: BAT 94, BAT 96, BAT 97 Zinc, Cadmium: BAT 119, BAT 122 Precious metals: BAT 140 Ferro-alloys: BAT 155, BAT 156, BAT 157, BAT 158 Nickel, Cobalt: BAT 171 Other non-ferrous metals: emissions from production stages such as raw material pretreatment, charging, smelting, melting and tapping ContinuousEN 13284-2 Copper: BAT 37, BAT 38, BAT 40, BAT 41, BAT 42, BAT 43, BAT 44, BAT 45 Aluminium: BAT 56, BAT 58, BAT 59, BAT 60, BAT 61, BAT 66, BAT 67, BAT 68, BAT 80, BAT 81, BAT 82, BAT 88 Lead, Tin: BAT 94, BAT 95, BAT 96, BAT 97 Zinc, Cadmium: BAT 113, BAT 119, BAT 121, BAT 122, BAT 128, BAT 132 Precious metals: BAT 140 Ferro-alloys: BAT 154, BAT 155, BAT 156, BAT 157, BAT 158 Nickel, Cobalt: BAT 171 Carbon/graphite: BAT 178, BAT 179, BAT 180, BAT 181 Other non-ferrous metals: emissions from production stages such as raw material pretreatment, charging, smelting, melting and tapping Once per yearEN 13284-1Antimony and its compounds, expressed as Sb Lead, Tin: BAT 96, BAT 97 Once per yearEN 14385Arsenic and its compounds, expressed as As Copper: BAT 37, BAT 38, BAT 39, BAT 40, BAT 42, BAT 43, BAT 44, BAT 45 Lead, Tin: BAT 96, BAT 97 Zinc: BAT 122 Once per yearEN 14385Cadmium and its compounds, expressed as Cd Copper: BAT 37, BAT 38, BAT 39, BAT 40, BAT 41, BAT 42, BAT 43, BAT 44, BAT 45 Lead, Tin: BAT 94, BAT 95, BAT 96, BAT 97 Zinc, Cadmium: BAT 122, BAT 132 Ferro-alloys: BAT 156 Once per yearEN 14385Chromium (VI) Ferro-alloys: BAT 156 Once per yearNo EN standard available Copper and its compounds, expressed as Cu Copper: BAT 37, BAT 38, BAT 39, BAT 40, BAT 42, BAT 43, BAT 44, BAT 45 Lead, Tin: BAT 96, BAT 97 Once per yearEN 14385Nickel and its compounds, expressed as Ni Nickel, Cobalt: BAT 172, BAT 173 Once per yearEN 14385Lead and its compounds, expressed as Pb Copper: BAT 37, BAT 38, BAT 39, BAT 40, BAT 41, BAT 42, BAT 43, BAT 44, BAT 45 Lead, Tin: BAT 94, BAT 95, BAT 96, BAT 97 Ferro-alloys: BAT 156 Once per yearEN 14385Thallium and its compounds, expressed as Tl Ferro-alloys: BAT 156 Once per yearEN 14385Zinc and its compounds, expressed as Zn Zinc, Cadmium: BAT 113, BAT 114, BAT 119, BAT 121, BAT 122, BAT 128, BAT 132 Once per yearEN 14385Other metals, if relevant Copper: BAT 37, BAT 38, BAT 39, BAT 40, BAT 41, BAT 42, BAT 43, BAT 44, BAT 45 Lead, Tin: BAT 94, BAT 95, BAT 96, BAT 97 Zinc, Cadmium: BAT 113, BAT 119, BAT 121, BAT 122, BAT 128, BAT 132 Precious metals: BAT 140 Ferro-alloys: BAT 154, BAT 155, BAT 156, BAT 157, BAT 158 Nickel, Cobalt: BAT 171 Other non-ferrous metals Once per yearEN 14385Mercury and its compounds, expressed as Hg

Copper, Aluminium, Lead, Tin, Zinc, Cadmium, Ferro-alloys, Nickel, Cobalt, Other non-ferrous metals: BAT 11 Continuous or once per year EN 14884 EN 13211 SO2 Copper: BAT 49 Aluminium: BAT 60, BAT 69 Lead, Tin: BAT 100 Precious metals: BAT 142, BAT 143 Nickel, Cobalt: BAT 174 Other non-ferrous metals Continuous or once per yearEN 14791Zinc, Cadmium: BAT 120ContinuousCarbon/graphite: BAT 182Once per yearNOX, expressed as NO2 Copper, Aluminium, Lead, Tin, FeSi, Si (pyrometallurgical processes): BAT 13 Precious metals: BAT 141 Other non-ferrous metals Continuous or once per yearEN 14792Carbon/graphiteOnce per yearTVOC Copper: BAT 46 Aluminium: BAT 83 Lead, Tin: BAT 98 Zinc, Cadmium: BAT 123 Other non-ferrous metals Continuous or once per yearEN 12619 Ferro-alloys: BAT 160 Carbon/graphite: BAT 183 Once per yearFormaldehyde Carbon/graphite: BAT 183 Once per yearNo EN standard availablePhenolCarbon/graphite: BAT 183Once per yearNo EN standard availablePCDD/F Copper: BAT 48 Aluminium: BAT 83 Lead, Tin: BAT 99 Zinc, Cadmium: BAT 123 Precious metals: BAT 146 Ferro-alloys: BAT 159 Other non-ferrous metals Once per yearEN 1948 parts 1, 2 and 3H2SO4 Copper: BAT 50 Zinc, Cadmium: BAT 114 Once per yearNo EN standard availableNH3 Aluminium: BAT 89 Precious metals: BAT 145 Nickel, Cobalt: BAT 175 Once per yearNo EN standard available Benzo-[a]-pyrene Aluminium: BAT 59, BAT 60, BAT 61 Ferro-alloys: BAT 160 Carbon/graphite: BAT 178, BAT 179, BAT 180, BAT 181 Once per year ISO 11338-1 ISO 11338-2 Gaseous fluorides, expressed as HFAluminium: BAT 60, BAT 61, BAT 67ContinuousISO 15713 Aluminium: BAT 60, BAT 67, BAT 84 Zinc, Cadmium: BAT 124 Once per yearTotal fluoridesAluminium: BAT 60, BAT 67Once per yearNo EN standard availableGaseous chlorides, expressed as HClAluminium: BAT 84Continuous or once per yearEN 1911 Zinc, Cadmium: BAT 124 Precious metals: BAT 144 Once per yearCl2 Aluminium: BAT 84 Precious metals: BAT 144 Nickel, Cobalt: BAT 172 Once per yearNo EN standard availableH2SAluminium: BAT 89Once per yearNo EN standard availablePH3Aluminium: BAT 89Once per yearNo EN standard availableSum of AsH3 and SbH3Zinc, Cadmium: BAT 114Once per yearNo EN standard available 1.1.6. Mercury emissions BAT 11. In order to reduce mercury emissions to air (other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid plant) from a pyrometallurgical process, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaUse raw materials with a low mercury content, including by cooperating with providers in order to remove mercury from secondary materials.bUse adsorbents (e.g. activated carbon, selenium) in combination with dust filtration BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 1. Table 1 BAT-associated emission levels for mercury emissions to air (other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid plant) from a pyrometallurgical process using raw materials containing mercury As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period.

The lower end of the range is associated with the use of adsorbents (e.g. activated carbon, selenium) in combination with dust filtration, except for processes using Waelz kilns. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Mercury and its compounds, expressed as Hg0,01-0,05 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.1.7. Sulphur dioxide emissions BAT 12. In order to reduce emissions of SO2 from off-gases with a high SO2 content and to avoid the generation of waste from the flue-gas cleaning system, BAT is to recover sulphur by producing sulphuric acid or liquid SO2. Applicability Only applicable to plants producing copper, lead, primary zinc, silver, nickel and/or molybdenum. 1.1.8. NOX emissions BAT 13. In order to prevent NOX emissions to air from a pyrometallurgical process, BAT is to use one of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaLow-NOX burnersbOxy-fuel burnerscFlue-gas recirculation (back through the burner to reduce the temperature of the flame) in the case of oxy-fuel burners The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.1.9. Emissions to water, including their monitoring BAT 14. In order to prevent or reduce the generation of waste water, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaMeasure the amount of fresh water used and the amount of waste water dischargedGenerally applicablebReuse waste water from cleaning operations (including anode and cathode rinse water) and spills in the same processGenerally applicablecReuse weak acid streams generated in a wet ESP and wet scrubbersApplicability may be restricted depending on the metal and solid content of the waste waterdReuse waste water from slag granulationApplicability may be restricted depending on the metal and solid content of the waste watereReuse surface run-off waterGenerally applicablefUse a closed circuit cooling systemApplicability may be restricted when a low temperature is required for process reasonsgReuse treated water from the waste water treatment plantApplicability may be restricted by the salt content BAT 15. In order to prevent the contamination of water and to reduce emissions to water, BAT is to segregate uncontaminated waste water streams from waste water streams requiring treatment. Applicability The segregation of uncontaminated rainwater may not be applicable in the case of existing waste water collection systems. BAT 16. BAT is to use ISO 5667 for water sampling and to monitor the emissions to water at the point where the emission leaves the installation at least once per month The monitoring frequency may be adapted if the data series clearly demonstrate sufficient stability of the emissions. and in accordance with EN standards. If EN standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO, national or other international standards that ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality. Note: other non-ferrous metals means the production of non-ferrous metals other than those dealt with specifically in Sections 1.2 to 1.8.

The metals monitored depend on the composition of the raw material used. ParameterApplicable for the production ofStandard(s)Mercury (Hg)Copper, Lead, Tin, Zinc, Cadmium, Precious metals, Ferro-alloys, Nickel, Cobalt, and other non-ferrous metals EN ISO 17852, EN ISO 12846 Iron (Fe)Copper, Lead, Tin, Zinc, Cadmium, Precious metals, Ferro-alloys, Nickel, Cobalt, and other non-ferrous metals EN ISO 11885 EN ISO 15586 EN ISO 17294-2 Arsenic (As)Copper, Lead, Tin, Zinc, Cadmium, Precious metals, Ferro-alloys, Nickel, and CobaltCadmium (Cd)Copper (Cu)Nickel (Ni)Lead (Pb)Zinc (Zn) Silver (Ag)Precious metalsAluminium (Al)AluminiumCobalt (Co)Nickel, and CobaltChromium total (Cr)Ferro-alloysChromium(VI) (Cr(VI))Ferro-alloys EN ISO 10304-3 EN ISO 23913 Antimony (Sb)Copper, Lead, and Tin EN ISO 11885 EN ISO 15586 EN ISO 17294-2 Tin (Sn)Copper, Lead, and TinOther metals, if relevantAluminium, Ferro-alloys, and other non-ferrous metalsSulphate (SO42-)Copper, Lead, Tin, Zinc, Cadmium, Precious metals, Nickel, Cobalt, and other non-ferrous metalsEN ISO 10304-1Fluoride (F-)Primary aluminiumTotal suspended solids (TSS)AluminiumEN 872 BAT 17. In order to reduce emissions to water, BAT is to treat the leakages from the storage of liquids and the waste water from non-ferrous metals production, including from the washing stage in the Waelz kiln process, and to remove metals and sulphates by using a combination of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueApplicabilityaChemical precipitationGenerally applicablebSedimentationGenerally applicablecFiltrationGenerally applicabledFlotationGenerally applicableeUltrafiltrationOnly applicable to specific streams in non-ferrous metals productionfActivated carbon filtrationGenerally applicablegReverse osmosisOnly applicable to specific streams in non-ferrous metals production BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for direct emissions to a receiving water body from the production of copper, lead, tin, zinc, cadmium, precious metals, nickel, cobalt and ferro-alloys are given in Table 2. These BAT-AELs apply at the point where the emission leaves the installation. Table 2 BAT-associated emission levels for direct emissions to a receiving water body from the production of copper, lead, tin, zinc (including the waste water from the washing stage in the Waelz kiln process), cadmium, precious metals, nickel, cobalt and ferro-alloys NR: Not relevant In the case of a high arsenic content in the total input of the plant, the BAT-AEL may be up to 0,2 mg/l. BAT-AEL (mg/l) (daily average)ParameterProduction ofCopperLead and/or TinZinc and/or CadmiumPrecious metalsNickel and/or CobaltFerro-alloysSilver (Ag)NR≤ 0,6NRArsenic (As)≤ 0,1≤ 0,1≤ 0,1≤ 0,1≤ 0,3≤ 0,1Cadmium (Cd)0,02–0,1≤ 0,1≤ 0,1≤ 0,05≤ 0,1≤ 0,05Cobalt (Co)NR≤ 0,1NR0,1-0,5NRChromium total (Cr)NR≤ 0,2Chromium (VI) (Cr(VI))NR≤ 0,05Copper (Cu)0,05-0,5≤ 0,2≤ 0,1≤ 0,3≤ 0,5≤ 0,5Mercury (Hg)0,005–0,02≤ 0,05≤ 0,05≤ 0,05≤ 0,05≤ 0,05Nickel (Ni)≤ 0,5≤ 0,5≤ 0,1≤ 0,5≤ 2≤ 2Lead (Pb)≤ 0,5≤ 0,5≤ 0,2≤ 0,5≤ 0,5≤ 0,2Zinc (Zn)≤ 1≤ 1≤ 1≤ 0,4≤ 1≤ 1

The associated monitoring is in BAT 16. 1.1.10. Noise BAT 18. In order to reduce noise emissions, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaUse embankments to screen the source of noisebEnclose noisy plants or components in sound-absorbing structurescUse anti-vibration supports and interconnections for equipmentdOrientation of noise-emitting machineryeChange the frequency of the sound 1.1.11. Odour BAT 19. In order to reduce odour emissions, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaAppropriate storage and handling of odorous materialsGenerally applicablebMinimise the use of odorous materialsGenerally applicablecCareful design, operation and maintenance of any equipment that could generate odour emissionsGenerally applicabledAfterburner or filtration techniques, including biofiltersApplicable only in limited cases (e.g. in the impregnation stage during speciality production in the carbon and graphite sector) 1.2. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR COPPER PRODUCTION 1.2.1. Secondary materials BAT 20. In order to increase the secondary materials’ recovery yield from scrap, BAT is to separate non-metallic constituents and metals other than copper by using one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaManual separation of large visible constituentsbMagnetic separation of ferrous metalscOptical or eddy current separation of aluminiumdRelative density separation of different metallic and non-metallic constituents (using a fluid with a different density or air) 1.2.2. Energy BAT 21. In order to use energy efficiently in primary copper production, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaOptimise the use of the energy contained in the concentrate using a flash smelting furnaceOnly applicable for new plants and for major upgrades of existing plantsbUse the hot process gases from the melting stages to heat up the furnace chargeOnly applicable to shaft furnacescCover the concentrates during transport and storageGenerally applicabledUse the excess heat produced during the primary smelting or converting stages to melt secondary materials containing copperGenerally applicableeUse the heat in the gases from anode furnaces in a cascade for other processes such as dryingGenerally applicable BAT 22. In order to use energy efficiently in secondary copper production, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaReduce the water content of the feed materialApplicability is limited when the moisture content of the materials is used as a technique to reduce diffuse emissionsbProduce steam by recovering excess heat from the smelting furnace to heat up the electrolyte in refineries and/or to produce electricity in a co-generation installationApplicable if an economically viable demand of steam existscMelt scraps using the excess heat that is produced during the smelting or converting processGenerally applicabledHolding furnace between processing stagesOnly applicable for batch-wise operated smelters where a buffer capacity of molten material is requiredePreheat the furnace charge using the hot process gases from the melting stagesOnly applicable to shaft furnaces

BAT 23. In order to use energy efficiently in electrorefining and electrowinning operations, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaApply insulation and covers to electrolysis tanksGenerally applicablebAddition of surfactants to the electrowinning cellsGenerally applicablecImproved cell design for lower energy consumption by optimisation of the following parameters: space between anode and cathode, anode geometry, current density, electrolyte composition and temperatureOnly applicable for new plants and for major upgrades of existing plantsdUse of stainless steel cathode blanksOnly applicable for new plants and for major upgrades of existing plantseAutomatic cathode/anode changes to achieve an accurate placement of the electrodes into the cellOnly applicable for new plants and for major upgrades of existing plantsfShort circuit detection and quality control to ensure that electrodes are straight and flat and that the anode is exact in weightGenerally applicable 1.2.3. Air emissions BAT 24. In order to reduce secondary emissions to air from furnaces and auxiliary devices in primary copper production and to optimise the performance of the abatement system, BAT is to collect, mix and treat secondary emissions in a centralised off-gas cleaning system. Description Secondary emissions from various sources are collected, mixed, and treated in a single centralised off-gas cleaning system, designed to effectively treat the pollutants present in each of the flows. Care is taken not to mix streams which are not chemically compatible and to avoid undesirable chemical reactions among the different collected flows. Applicability The applicability may be limited for existing plants by their design and layout. 1.2.3.1. Diffuse emissions BAT 25. In order to prevent or reduce diffuse emissions from pretreatment (such as blending, drying, mixing, homogenisation, screening and pelletisation) of primary and secondary materials, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaUse enclosed conveyers or pneumatic transfer systems for dusty materialsGenerally applicablebCarry out activities with dusty materials such as mixing in an enclosed buildingFor existing plants, application may be difficult due to the space requirementscUse dust suppression systems such as water cannons or water sprinklersNot applicable for mixing operations carried out indoors. Not applicable for processes that require dry materials. The application is also limited in regions with water shortages or with very low temperaturesdUse enclosed equipment for operations with dusty material (such as drying, mixing, milling, air separation and pelletisation) with an air extraction system connected to an abatement systemGenerally applicableeUse an extraction system for dusty and gaseous emissions, such as a hood in combination with a dust and gas abatement systemGenerally applicable BAT 26. In order to prevent or reduce diffuse emissions from charging, smelting and tapping operations in primary and secondary copper smelters and from holding and melting furnaces, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below.

Description of the technique is given in Section 1.10. TechniqueApplicabilityaBriquetting and pelletisation of raw materialsApplicable only when the process and the furnace can use pelletised raw materialsbEnclosed charging system such as single jet burner, door sealing, closed conveyers or feeders equipped with an air extraction system in combination with a dust and gas abatement systemThe jet burner is applicable only for flash furnacescOperate the furnace and gas route under negative pressure and at a sufficient gas extraction rate to prevent pressurisationGenerally applicabledCapture hood/enclosures at charging and tapping points in combination with an off-gas abatement system (e.g. housing/tunnel for ladle operation during tapping, and which is closed with a movable door/barrier equipped with a ventilation and abatement system)Generally applicableeEncapsulate the furnace in vented housingGenerally applicablefMaintain furnace sealingGenerally applicable gHold the temperature in the furnace at the lowest required levelGenerally applicablehBoosted suction systemsGenerally applicableiEnclosed building in combination with other techniques to collect the diffuse emissionsGenerally applicablejDouble bell charging system for shaft/blast furnacesGenerally applicablekSelect and feed the raw materials according to the type of furnace and abatement techniques usedGenerally applicablelUse of lids on throats of rotary anode furnaceGenerally applicable BAT 27. In order to reduce diffuse emissions from Peirce-Smith converter (PS) furnace in primary and secondary copper production, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below. Description of the technique is given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaOperate the furnace and gas route under negative pressure and at a sufficient gas extraction rate to prevent pressurisationbOxygen enrichmentcPrimary hood over the converter opening to collect and transfer the primary emissions to an abatement systemdAddition of materials (e.g. scrap and flux) through the hoodeSystem of secondary hoods in addition to the main one to capture emissions during charging and tapping operationsfFurnace located in enclosed buildinggApply motor-driven secondary hoods, to move them according to the process stage, to increase the efficiency of the collection of secondary emissionshBoosted suction systems and automatic control to prevent blowing when the converter is rolled out or rolled in BAT 28. In order to reduce diffuse emissions from a Hoboken converter furnace in primary copper production, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below. Description of the technique is given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaOperate furnace and gas route under negative pressure during charging, skimming and tapping operationsbOxygen enrichmentcMouth with closed lids during operationdBoosted suction systems BAT 29. In order to reduce diffuse emissions from the matte conversion process, BAT is to use a flash converting furnace. Applicability Applicable only to new plants or major upgrades of existing plants.

BAT 30. In order to reduce diffuse emissions from a top-blown rotary converter (TBRC) furnace in secondary copper production, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below. Description of the technique is given in Section 1.10. TechniqueApplicabilityaOperate the furnace and gas route under negative pressure and at a sufficient gas extraction rate to prevent pressurisationGenerally applicablebOxygen enrichmentGenerally applicablecFurnace located in enclosed building in combination with techniques to collect and transfer diffuse emissions from charging and tapping to an abatement systemGenerally applicabledPrimary hood over the converter opening to collect and transfer the primary emissions to an abatement systemGenerally applicableeHoods or crane integrated hood to collect and transfer the emissions from charging and tapping operations to an abatement systemFor existing plants, a crane integrated hood is only applicable to major upgrades of the furnace hallfAddition of materials (e.g. scrap and flux) through the hoodGenerally applicablegBoosted suction systemGenerally applicable BAT 31. In order to reduce diffuse emissions from copper recovery with a slag concentrator, BAT is to use the techniques given below. TechniqueaDust suppression techniques such as a water spray for handling, storage and crushing of slagbGrinding and flotation performed with watercDelivery of the slag to the final storage area via hydro transport in a closed pipelinedMaintain a water layer in the pond or use a dust suppressant such as lime milk in dry areas BAT 32. In order to reduce diffuse emissions from copper-rich slag furnace treatment, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaDust suppression techniques such as a water spray for handling, storage and crushing of the final slagbOperation of the furnace under negative pressurecEnclosed furnacedHousing, enclosure and hood to collect and transfer the emissions to an abatement systemeCovered launder BAT 33. In order to reduce diffuse emissions from anode casting in primary and secondary copper production, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaUse an enclosed tundishbUse a closed intermediate ladlecUse a hood, equipped with an air extraction system, over the casting ladle and over the casting wheel BAT 34. In order to reduce diffuse emissions from electrolysis cells, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaAddition of surfactants to the electrowinning cellsGenerally applicablebUse covers or a hood to collect and transfer the emissions to an abatement systemOnly applicable for electrowinning cells or refining cells for low-purity anodes. Not applicable when the cell needs to remain uncovered to maintain the cell temperature at workable levels (approximately 65 °C)cClosed and fixed pipelines for transferring the electrolyte solutionsGenerally applicabledGas extraction from the washing chambers of the cathode stripping machine and anode scrap washing machineGenerally applicable

BAT 35. In order to reduce diffuse emissions from the casting of copper alloys, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Description of the technique is given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaUse enclosures or hoods to collect and transfer the emissions to an abatement systembUse covering for the melts in holding and casting furnacescBoosted suction system BAT 36. In order to reduce diffuse emissions from non-acid and acid pickling, BAT is to use one of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaEncapsulate the pickling line with a solution of isopropanol operating in a closed circuitOnly applicable for pickling of copper wire rod in continuous operationsbEncapsulate the pickling line to collect and transfer the emissions to an abatement systemOnly applicable for acid pickling in continuous operations 1.2.3.2. Channelled dust emissions Descriptions of the techniques mentioned in this section are given in Section 1.10. The BAT-associated emission levels are all given in Table 3. BAT 37. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from the reception, storage, handling, transport, metering, mixing, blending, crushing, drying, cutting and screening of raw materials, and the pyrolytic treatment of copper turnings in primary and secondary copper production, BAT is to use a bag filter. BAT 38. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from concentrate drying in primary copper production, BAT is to use a bag filter. Applicability In the event of a high organic carbon content in the concentrates (e.g. around 10 wt-%), bag filters may not be applicable (due to blinding of the bags) and other techniques (e.g. ESP) may be used. BAT 39. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air (other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid or liquid SO2 plant or power plant) from the primary copper smelter and converter, BAT is to use a bag filter and/or a wet scrubber. BAT 40. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air (other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid plant) from the secondary copper smelter and converter and from the processing of secondary copper intermediates, BAT is to use a bag filter. BAT 41. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from the secondary copper holding furnace, BAT is to use a bag filter. BAT 42. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from copper-rich slag furnace processing, BAT is to use a bag filter or a scrubber in combination with an ESP. BAT 43. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from the anode furnace in primary and secondary copper production, BAT is to use a bag filter or a scrubber in combination with an ESP. BAT 44. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from anode casting in primary and secondary copper production, BAT is to use a bag filter or, in the case of off-gases with a water content close to the dew point, a wet scrubber or a demister. BAT 45. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from a copper melting furnace, BAT is to select and feed the raw materials according to the furnace type and the abatement system used and to use a bag filter.

Table 3 BAT-associated emission levels for dust emissions to air from copper production As an average over the sampling period. As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. As a daily average. Dust emissions are expected to be towards the lower end of the range when emissions of heavy metals are above the following levels: 1 mg/Nm3 for lead, 1 mg/Nm3 for copper, 0,05 mg/Nm3 for arsenic, 0,05 mg/Nm3 for cadmium. When the concentrates used have a high organic carbon content (e.g. around 10 wt-%), emissions of up to 10 mg/Nm3 can be expected. Dust emissions are expected to be towards the lower end of the range when emissions of lead are above 1 mg/Nm3. The lower end of the range is associated with the use of a bag filter. Dust emissions are expected to be towards the lower end of the range when emissions of copper are above 1 mg/Nm3. ParameterBATProcessBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)DustBAT 37Reception, storage, handling, transport, metering, mixing, blending, crushing, drying, cutting and screening of raw materials, and the pyrolytic treatment of copper turnings in primary and secondary copper production2-5BAT 38Concentrate drying in primary copper production3-5BAT 39Primary copper smelter and converter (emissions other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid or liquid SO2 plant or power plant)2-5 BAT 40Secondary copper smelter and converter and processing of secondary copper intermediates (emissions other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid plant)2-4BAT 41Secondary copper holding furnace≤ 5BAT 42Copper-rich slag furnace processing2-5BAT 43Anode furnace (in primary and secondary copper production)2-5BAT 44Anode casting (in primary and secondary copper production)≤ 5-15BAT 45Copper melting furnace2-5 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.2.3.3. Organic compound emissions BAT 46. In order to reduce organic compound emissions to air from the pyrolytic treatment of copper turnings, and the drying, smelting and melting of secondary raw materials, BAT is to use one of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueApplicabilityaAfterburner or post-combustion chamber or regenerative thermal oxidiserThe applicability is restricted by the energy content of the off-gases that need to be treated, as off-gases with a lower energy content require a higher fuel usebInjection of adsorbent in combination with a bag filterGenerally applicablecDesign of furnace and the abatement techniques according to the raw materials availableOnly applicable to new furnaces or major upgrades of existing furnacesdSelect and feed the raw materials according to the furnace and the abatement techniques usedGenerally applicableeThermal destruction of TVOC at high temperatures in the furnace (> 1000 °C)Generally applicable BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 4. Table 4 BAT-associated emission levels for emissions to air of TVOC from the pyrolytic treatment of copper turnings, and the drying, smelting and melting of secondary raw materials

As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. The lower end of the range is associated with the use of a regenerative thermal oxidiser. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)TVOC3-30 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. BAT 47. In order to reduce organic compound emissions to air from solvent extraction in hydrometallurgical copper production, BAT is to use both of the techniques given below and to determine the VOC emissions annually, e.g. through mass balance. TechniqueaProcess reagent (solvent) with lower steam pressurebClosed equipment such as closed mixing tanks, closed settlers and closed storage tanks BAT 48. In order to reduce PCDD/F emissions to air from the pyrolytic treatment of copper turnings, smelting, melting, fire refining and converting operations in secondary copper production, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaSelect and feed the raw materials according to the furnace and the abatement techniques usedbOptimise combustion conditions to reduce the emissions of organic compoundscUse charging systems, for a semi-closed furnace, to give small additions of raw materialdThermal destruction of PCDD/F in the furnace at high temperatures (> 850 °C)eUse oxygen injection in the upper zone of the furnacefInternal burner systemgPost-combustion chamber or afterburner or regenerative thermal oxidiserhAvoid exhaust systems with a high dust build-up for temperatures > 250 °CiRapid quenchingjInjection of adsorption agent in combination with an efficient dust collection system BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 5. Table 5 BAT-associated emission levels for PCDD/F emissions to air from the pyrolytic treatment of copper turnings, smelting, melting, fire refining and converting operations in secondary copper production As an average over a sampling period of at least six hours. ParameterBAT-AEL (ng I-TEQ/Nm3)PCDD/F≤ 0,1 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.2.3.4. Sulphur dioxide emissions Descriptions of the techniques mentioned in this section are given in Section 1.10. BAT 49. In order to reduce SO2 emissions (other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid or liquid SO2 plant or power plant) from primary and secondary copper production, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaDry or semi-dry scrubberGenerally applicablebWet scrubber Applicability may be limited in the following cases: very high off-gas flow rates (due to the significant amounts of waste and waste water generated) in arid areas (due to the large volume of water necessary and the need for waste water treatment) cPolyether-based absorption/desorption system Not applicable in the case of secondary copper production. Not applicable in the absence of a sulphuric acid or liquid SO2 plant BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 6. Table 6 BAT-associated emission levels for SO2 emissions to air (other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid or liquid SO2 plant or power plant) from primary and secondary copper production

As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. In the case of using a wet scrubber or a concentrate with a low sulphur content, the BAT-AEL can be up to 350 mg/Nm3. ParameterProcessBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)SO2Primary copper production50-500Secondary copper production50-300 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.2.3.5. Acid emissions BAT 50. In order to reduce acid gas emissions to air from exhaust gases from the electrowinning cells, the electrorefining cells, the washing chamber of the cathode stripping machine and the anode scrap washing machine, BAT is to use a wet scrubber or a demister. 1.2.4. Soil and groundwater BAT 51. In order to prevent soil and groundwater contamination from copper recovery in the slag concentrator, BAT is to use a drainage system in cooling areas and a correct design of the final slag storage area to collect overflow water and avoid fluid leakage. BAT 52. In order to prevent soil and groundwater contamination from the electrolysis in primary and secondary copper production, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaUse of a sealed drainage systembUse of impermeable and acid-resistant floorscUse of double-walled tanks or placement in resistant bunds with impermeable floors 1.2.5. Waste water generation BAT 53. In order to prevent the generation of waste water from primary and secondary copper production, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaUse the steam condensate for heating the electrolysis cells, to wash the copper cathodes or send it back to steam boilerbReuse the water collected from the cooling area, flotation process and hydro transportation of final slag in the slag concentration processcRecycle the pickling solutions and the rinse waterdTreat the residues (crude) from the solvent extraction step in hydrometallurgical copper production to recover the organic solution contenteCentrifuge the slurry from cleaning and settlers from the solvent extraction step in hydrometallurgical copper productionfReuse the electrolysis bleed after the metal removal stage in the electrowinning and/or the leaching process 1.2.6. Waste BAT 54. In order to reduce the quantities of waste sent for disposal from primary and secondary copper production, BAT is to organise operations so as to facilitate process residues reuse or, failing that, process residues recycling, including by using one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaRecover metals from the dust and slime coming from the dust abatement systemGenerally applicablebReuse or sell the calcium compounds (e.g. gypsum) generated by the abatement of SO2Applicability may be restricted depending on the metal content and on the availability of a marketcRegenerate or recycle the spent catalystsGenerally applicabledRecover metal from the waste water treatment slimeApplicability may be restricted depending on the metal content and on the availability of a market/processeUse weak acid in the leaching process or for gypsum productionGenerally applicablefRecover the copper content from the rich slag in the slag furnace or slag flotation plant

gUse the final slag from furnaces as an abrasive or (road) construction material or for another viable applicationApplicability may be restricted depending on the metal content and on the availability of a markethUse the furnace lining for recovery of metals or reuse as refractory materialiUse the slag from the slag flotation as an abrasive or construction material or for another viable applicationjUse the skimming from the melting furnaces to recover the metal contentGenerally applicablekUse the spent electrolyte bleed to recover copper and nickel. Reuse the remaining acid to make up the new electrolyte or to produce gypsumlUse the spent anode as a cooling material in pyrometallurgical copper refining or remeltingmUse anode slime to recover precious metalsnUse the gypsum from the waste water treatment plant in the pyrometallurgical process or for saleApplicability may be restricted depending on the quality of the generated gypsumoRecover metals from sludgeGenerally applicablepReuse the depleted electrolyte from the hydrometallurgical copper process as a leaching agentApplicability may be restricted depending on the metal content and on the availability of a market/processqRecycle copper scales from rolling in a copper smelterGenerally applicablerRecover metals from the spent acid pickling solution and reuse the cleaned acid solution 1.3. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR ALUMINIUM PRODUCTION INCLUDING ALUMINA AND ANODE PRODUCTION 1.3.1. Alumina production 1.3.1.1. Energy BAT 55. In order to use energy efficiently during the production of alumina from bauxite, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueDescriptionApplicabilityaPlate heat exchangersPlate heat exchangers allow a higher heat recovery from the liquor flowing to the precipitation area in comparison with other techniques such as flash cooling plantsApplicable if the energy from the cooling fluid can be reused in the process and if the condensate balance and the liquor conditions allow itbCirculating fluidised bed calcinersCirculating fluidised bed calciners have a much higher energy efficiency than rotary kilns, since the heat recovery from the alumina and the flue-gas is greaterOnly applicable to smelter-grade aluminas. Not applicable to speciality/non-smelter-grade aluminas, as these require a higher level of calcination that can currently only be achieved with a rotary kiln cSingle stream digestion designThe slurry is heated up in one circuit without using live steam and therefore without dilution of the slurry (in contrast to the double-stream digestion design)Only applicable to new plantsdSelection of the bauxiteBauxite with a higher moisture content carries more water into the process, which increases the energy need for evaporation. In addition, bauxites with a high monohydrate content (boehmite and/or diaspore) require a higher pressure and temperature in the digestion process, leading to higher energy consumptionApplicable within the constraints related to the specific design of the plant, since some plants are specifically designed for a certain quality of bauxite, which limits the use of alternative bauxite sources

1.3.1.2. Air emissions BAT 56. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions from alumina calcination, BAT is to use a bag filter or an ESP. 1.3.1.3. Waste BAT 57. In order to reduce the quantities of waste sent for disposal and to improve the disposal of bauxite residues from alumina production, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below. TechniqueaReduce the volume of bauxite residues by compacting in order to minimise the moisture content, e.g. using vacuum or high-pressure filters to form a semi-dry cakebReduce/minimise the alkalinity remaining in the bauxite residues in order to allow disposal of the residues in a landfill 1.3.2. Anode production 1.3.2.1. Air emissions 1.3.2.1.1. Dust, PAH and fluoride emissions from the paste plant BAT 58. In order to reduce dust emissions to air from a paste plant (removing coke dust from operations such as coke storage and grinding), BAT is to use a bag filter. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 7. BAT 59. In order to reduce dust and PAH emissions to air from a paste plant (hot pitch storage, paste mixing, cooling and forming), BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaDry scrubber using coke as the adsorbent agent, with or without precooling, followed by a bag filterbRegenerative thermal oxidisercCatalytic thermal oxidiser BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 7. Table 7 BAT-associated emission levels for dust and BaP (as an indicator of PAH) emissions to air from a paste plant As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. As an average over the sampling period. ParameterProcessBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust Hot pitch storage, paste mixing, cooling and forming Removing coke dust from operations such as coke storage and grinding 2-5BaPHot pitch storage, paste mixing, cooling and forming0,001-0,01 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.3.2.1.2. Dust, sulphur dioxide, PAH and fluoride emissions from the baking plant BAT 60. In order to reduce dust, sulphur dioxide, PAH and fluoride emissions to air from a baking plant in an anode production plant integrated with a primary aluminium smelter, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueApplicabilityaUse of raw materials and fuels containing a low amount of sulphurGenerally applicable for reducing SO2 emissionsbDry scrubber using alumina as the adsorbent agent followed by a bag filterGenerally applicable for reducing dust, PAH and fluoride emissionscWet scrubber Applicability for reducing dust, SO2, PAH and fluoride emissions may be limited in the following cases: very high off-gas flow rates (due to the significant amounts of waste and waste water generated) in arid areas (due to the large volume of water necessary and the need for waste water treatment) dRegenerative thermal oxidiser in combination with a dust abatement systemGenerally applicable for reducing dust and PAH emissions.

BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 8. Table 8 BAT-associated emission levels for dust, BaP (as an indicator of PAH) and fluoride emissions to air from a baking plant in an anode production plant integrated with a primary aluminium smelter As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust2-5BaP0,001-0,01HF0,3-0,5 Total fluorides≤ 0,8 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. BAT 61. In order to reduce dust, PAH and fluoride emissions to air from a baking plant in a stand-alone anode production plant, BAT is to use a pre-filtration unit and a regenerative thermal oxidiser followed by a dry scrubber (e.g. lime bed). BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 9. Table 9 BAT-associated emission levels for dust, BaP (as an indicator of PAH) and fluoride emissions to air from a baking plant in a stand-alone anode production plant As a daily average. As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust2-5BaP0,001-0,01HF≤ 3 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.3.2.2. Waste water generation BAT 62. In order to prevent the generation of waste water from anode baking, BAT is to use a closed water cycle. Applicability Generally applicable to new plants and major upgrades. The applicability may be limited due to water quality and/or product quality requirements. 1.3.2.3. Waste BAT 63. In order to reduce the quantities of waste sent for disposal, BAT is to recycle carbon dust from the coke filter as a scrubbing medium. Applicability There may be restrictions on applicability depending on the ash content of the carbon dust. 1.3.3. Primary aluminium production 1.3.3.1. Air emissions BAT 64. In order to prevent or collect diffuse emissions from electrolytic cells in primary aluminium production using the Søderberg technology, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaUse of paste with a pitch content between 25 % and 28 % (dry paste)bUpgrade the manifold design to allow closed point feeding operations and improved off-gas collection efficiencycAlumina point feeding dIncreased anode height combined with the treatment in BAT 67eAnode top hooding when high current density anodes are used, connected to the treatment in BAT 67 Description BAT 64(c): Point feeding of alumina avoids the regular crust-breaking (such as during manual side feed or bar broken feed), and thus reduces the associated fluoride and dust emissions. BAT 64(d): An increased anode height helps to achieve lower temperatures in the anode top, resulting in lower emissions to air. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 12. BAT 65. In order to prevent or collect diffuse emissions from electrolytic cells in primary aluminium production using prebaked anodes, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaAutomatic multiple point feeding of aluminabComplete hood coverage of the cell and adequate off-gas extraction rates (to lead the off-gas to the treatment in BAT 67) taking into account fluoride generation from bath and carbon anode consumptioncBoosted suction system connected to the abatement techniques listed in BAT 67dMinimisation of the time for changing anodes and other activities that require cell hoods to be removedeEfficient process control system avoiding process deviations that might otherwise lead to increased cell evolution and emissionsfUse of a programmed system for cell operations and maintenancegUse of established efficient cleaning methods in the rodding plant to recover fluorides and carbonhStorage of removed anodes in a compartment near the cell, connected to the treatment in BAT 67, or storage of the butts in confined boxes

Applicability BAT 65.c and h are not applicable to existing plants BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 12. 1.3.3.1.1. Channelled dust and fluoride emissions BAT 66. In order to reduce dust emissions from the storage, handling and transport of raw materials, BAT is to use a bag filter. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 10. Table 10 BAT-associated emission levels for dust from the storage, handling and transport of raw materials As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust≤ 5-10 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. BAT 67. In order to reduce dust, metal and fluoride emissions to air from electrolytic cells, BAT is to use one of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10 TechniqueApplicabilityaDry scrubber using alumina as the adsorbent agent followed by a bag filterGenerally applicablebDry scrubber using alumina as the adsorbent agent followed by a bag filter and a wet scrubber Applicability may be limited in the following cases: very high off-gas flow rates (due to the significant amounts of waste and waste water generated) in arid areas (due to the large volume of water necessary and the need for waste water treatment) BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 11 and Table 12. Table 11 BAT-associated emission levels for dust and fluoride emissions to air from electrolytic cells As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust2-5HF≤ 1,0Total fluorides≤ 1,5 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.3.3.1.2. Total emissions of dust and fluorides BAT-associated emission levels for the total emissions of dust and fluoride to air from the electrolysis house (collected from the electrolytic cells and roof vents): See Table 12. Table 12 BAT-associated emission levels for the total emissions of dust and fluoride to air from the electrolysis house (collected from the electrolytic cells and roof vents) As mass of pollutant emitted during a year from the electrolysis house divided by the mass of liquid aluminium produced in the same year. These BAT-AELs are not applicable to plants that due to their configuration cannot measure roof emissions. ParameterBATBAT-AELs for existing plants (kg/t Al)BAT-AELs for new plants (kg/t Al)DustCombination of BAT 64, BAT 65 and BAT 67≤ 1,2≤ 0,6Total fluorides≤ 0,6≤ 0,35 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. BAT 68. In order to prevent or reduce dust and metal emissions to air from melting and molten metal treatment and casting in primary aluminium production, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below. Description of the technique is given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaUse of liquid metal from electrolysis and uncontaminated aluminium material, i.e. solid material free of substances such as paint, plastic or oil (e.g. the top and the bottom part of the billets that are cut for quality reasons)bBag filter BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 13.

Table 13 BAT-associated emission levels for dust emissions to air from melting and molten metal treatment and casting in primary aluminium production As an average of the samples obtained over a year. The lower end of the range is associated with the use of a bag filter. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust2-25 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.3.3.1.3. Sulphur dioxide emissions BAT 69. In order to reduce emissions to air from electrolytic cells, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below. Description of the technique is given in Section 1.10. TechniqueApplicabilityaUse of low-sulphur anodesGenerally applicablebWet scrubber Applicability may be limited in the following cases: very high off-gas flow rates (due to the significant amounts of waste and waste water generated) in arid areas (due to the large volume of water necessary and the need for waste water treatment) Description BAT 69(a): Anodes containing less than 1,5 % sulphur as a yearly average can be produced by an appropriate combination of the raw materials used. A minimum sulphur content of 0,9 % as a yearly average is required for the viability of the electrolysis process. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 14. Table 14 BAT-associated emission levels for SO2 emissions to air from electrolytic cells As mass of pollutant emitted during a year divided by the mass of liquid aluminium produced in the same year. The lower end of the range is associated with the use of a wet scrubber. The higher end of the range is associated with the use of low-sulphur anodes. ParameterBAT-AEL (kg/t Al)SO2≤ 2,5-15 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.3.3.1.4. Perfluorocarbon emissions BAT 70. In order to reduce perfluorocarbon emissions to air from primary aluminium production, BAT is to use all of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaAutomatic multiple point feeding of aluminaGenerally applicablebComputer control of the electrolysis process based on active cell databases and monitoring of cell operating parametersGenerally applicablecAutomatic anode effect suppressionNot applicable to Søderberg cells because the anode design (one piece only) does not allow the bath flow associated with this technique Description BAT 70(c): The anode effect takes place when the alumina content of the electrolyte falls below 1-2 %. During anode effects, instead of decomposing alumina, the cryolite bath is decomposed into metal and fluoride ions, the latter forming gaseous perfluorocarbons, which react with the carbon anode. 1.3.3.1.5. PAH and CO emissions BAT 71. In order to reduce CO and PAH emissions to air from primary aluminium production using the Søderberg technology, BAT is to combust the CO and the PAH in the cell exhaust gas. 1.3.3.2. Waste water generation BAT 72. In order to prevent the generation of waste water, BAT is to reuse or recycle cooling water and treated waste water, including rainwater, within the process. Applicability Generally applicable to new plants and major upgrades. The applicability may be limited due to water quality and/or product quality requirements. The amount of cooling water, treated waste water and rainwater that is reused or recycled cannot be higher than the amount of water needed for the process.

1.3.3.3. Waste BAT 73. In order to reduce the disposal of spent pot lining, BAT is to organise operations on site so as to facilitate its external recycling, such as in cement manufacturing in the salt slag recovery process, as a carburiser in the steel or ferro-alloy industry or as a secondary raw material (e.g. rock wool), depending on the end consumer’s requirements. 1.3.4. Secondary aluminium production 1.3.4.1. Secondary materials BAT 74. In order to increase the raw materials’ yield, BAT is to separate non-metallic constituents and metals other than aluminium by using one or a combination of the techniques given below depending on the constituents of the treated materials. TechniqueaMagnetic separation of ferrous metalsbEddy current separation (using moving electromagnetic fields) of aluminium from the other constituentscRelative density separation (using a fluid with a different density) of different metals and non-metallic constituents 1.3.4.2. Energy BAT 75. In order to use energy efficiently, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaPreheating of the furnace charge with the exhaust gasOnly applicable for non-rotating furnacesbRecirculation of the gases with unburnt hydrocarbons back into the burner systemOnly applicable for reverberatory furnaces and dryerscSupply the liquid metal for direct mouldingApplicability is limited by the time needed for the transportation (maximum 4-5 hours) 1.3.4.3. Air emissions BAT 76. In order to prevent or reduce emissions to air, BAT is to remove oil and organic compounds from the swarf before the smelting stage using centrifugation and/or drying Description of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. . Applicability Centrifugation is only applicable to highly oil-contaminated swarf, when it is applied before the drying. The removal of oil and organic compounds may not be needed if the furnace and the abatement system are designed to handle the organic material. 1.3.4.3.1. Diffuse emissions BAT 77. In order to prevent or reduce diffuse emissions from the pretreatment of scraps, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below. TechniqueaClosed or pneumatic conveyor, with an air extraction systembEnclosures or hoods for the charging and for the discharge points, with an air extraction system BAT 78. In order to prevent or reduce diffuse emissions from the charging and discharging/tapping of melting furnaces, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Description of the technique is given in Section 1.10. TechniqueApplicabilityaPlacing a hood on top of the furnace door and at the taphole with off-gas extraction connected to a filtration systemGenerally applicablebFume collection enclosure that covers both the charging and tapping zonesOnly applicable for stationary drum furnacescSealed furnace doorGenerally applicabledSealed charging carriageOnly applicable for non-rotating furnaceseBoosted suction system that can be modified according to the process neededGenerally applicable

Description BAT 78(a) and (b): Consist of applying a covering with extraction to collect and handle the off-gases from the process. BAT 78(d): The skip seals against the open furnace door during the discharge of scrap and maintains furnace sealing during this stage. BAT 79. In order to reduce emissions from skimmings/dross treatment, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaCooling of skimmings/dross, as soon as they are skimmed from the furnace, in sealed containers under inert gasbPrevention of wetting of the skimmings/drosscCompaction of skimmings/dross with an air extraction and dust abatement system 1.3.4.3.2. Channelled dust emissions BAT 80. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions from the swarf drying and the removal of oil and organic compounds from the swarf, from the crushing, milling and dry separation of non-metallic constituents and metals other than aluminium, and from the storage, handling and transport in secondary aluminium production, BAT is to use a bag filter. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 15. Table 15 BAT-associated emission levels for dust emissions to air from the swarf drying and the removal of oil and organic compounds from the swarf, from the crushing, milling and dry separation of non-metallic constituents and metals other than aluminium, and from the storage, handling and transport in secondary aluminium production As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust≤ 5 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. BAT 81. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from furnace processes such as charging, melting, tapping and molten metal treatment in secondary aluminium production, BAT is to use a bag filter. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 16. Table 16 BAT-associated emission levels for dust emissions to air from furnace processes such as charging, melting, tapping and molten metal treatment in secondary aluminium production As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust2-5 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. BAT 82. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from remelting in secondary aluminium production, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaUse of uncontaminated aluminium material i.e. solid material free of substances such as paint, plastic or oil (e.g. billets)bOptimise combustion conditions to reduce the emissions of dustcBag filter BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 17. Table 17 BAT-associated emission levels for dust from remelting in secondary aluminium production As an average over the sampling period. For furnaces designed to use and using only uncontaminated raw material, for which dust emissions are below 1 kg/h, the upper end of the range is 25 mg/Nm3 as an average of the samples obtained over a year. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust2-5 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.3.4.3.3. Organic compound emissions BAT 83. In order to reduce emissions to air of organic compounds and PCDD/F from the thermal treatment of contaminated secondary raw materials (e.g. swarf) and from the melting furnace, BAT is to use a bag filter in combination with at least one of the techniques given below.

Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaSelect and feed the raw materials according to the furnace and the abatement techniques usedbInternal burner system for melting furnacescAfterburnerdRapid quenchingeActivated carbon injection BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 18. Table 18 BAT-associated emission levels for emissions to air of TVOC and PCDD/F from the thermal treatment of contaminated secondary raw materials (e.g. swarf) and from the melting furnace As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. As an average over a sampling period of at least six hours. ParameterUnitBAT-AELTVOCmg/Nm3≤ 10-30PCDD/Fng I-TEQ/Nm3≤ 0,1 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.3.4.3.4. Acid emissions BAT 84. In order to reduce emissions to air of HCl, Cl2 and HF from the thermal treatment of contaminated secondary raw materials (e.g. swarf), the melting furnace, and remelting and molten metal treatment, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Description of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaSelect and feed the raw materials according to the furnace and the abatement techniques usedbCa(OH)2 or sodium bicarbonate injection in combination with a bag filtercControl of the refining process, adapting the quantity of refining gas used to remove the contaminants present into the molten metalsdUse of dilute chlorine with inert gas in the refining process Description BAT 84(d): Using chlorine diluted with inert gas instead of only pure chlorine, to reduce the emission of chlorine. Refining can also be performed using only the inert gas. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 19. Table 19 BAT-associated emission levels for HCl, Cl2 and HF emissions to air from the thermal treatment of contaminated secondary raw materials (e.g. swarf), the melting furnace, and remelting and molten metal treatment As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. For refining carried out with chemicals containing chlorine, the BAT-AEL refers to the average concentration during chlorination. As an average over the sampling period. For refining carried out with chemicals containing chlorine, the BAT-AEL refers to the average concentration during chlorination. Only applicable to emissions from refining processes carried out with chemicals containing chlorine. As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)HCl≤ 5-10Cl2≤ 1HF≤ 1 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.3.4.4. Waste BAT 85. In order to reduce the quantities of waste sent for disposal from secondary aluminium production, BAT is to organise operations on site so as to facilitate process residues reuse or, failing that, process residues recycling, including by using one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaReuse collected dust in the process in the case of a melting furnace using salt cover or in the salt slag recovery processbFull recycling of the salt slagcApply skimmings/dross treatment to recover aluminium in the case of furnaces that do not use salt cover

BAT 86. In order to reduce the quantities of salt slag produced from secondary aluminium production, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaIncrease the quality of raw material used through the separation of the non-metallic constituents and metals other than aluminium for scraps where aluminium is mixed with other constituentsGenerally applicablebRemove oil and organic constituents from contaminated swarf before meltingGenerally applicablecMetal pumping or stirringNot applicable for rotary furnacesdTilting rotary furnaceThere may be restrictions on the use of this furnace due to the size of the feed materials 1.3.5. Salt slag recycling process 1.3.5.1. Diffuse emissions BAT 87. In order to prevent or reduce diffuse emissions from the salt slag recycling process, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below. TechniqueaEnclose equipment with gas extraction connected to a filtration systembHood with gas extraction connected to a filtration system 1.3.5.2. Channelled dust emissions BAT 88. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from crushing and dry milling associated with the salt slag recovery process, BAT is to use a bag filter. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 20. Table 20 BAT-associated emission levels for dust emissions to air from crushing and dry milling associated with the salt slag recovery process As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust2-5 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.3.5.3. Gaseous compounds BAT 89. In order to reduce gaseous emissions to air from wet milling and leaching from the salt slag recovery process, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaActivated carbon injectionbAfterburnercWet scrubber with H2SO4 solution BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 21. Table 21 BAT-associated emission levels for gaseous emissions to air from wet milling and leaching from the salt slag recovery process As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)NH3≤ 10PH3≤ 0,5H2S≤ 2 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.4. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR LEAD AND/OR TIN PRODUCTION 1.4.1. Air emissions 1.4.1.1. Diffuse emissions BAT 90. In order to prevent or reduce diffuse emissions from preparation (such as metering, mixing, blending, crushing, cutting, screening) of primary and secondary materials (excluding batteries), BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaEnclosed conveyer or pneumatic transfer system for dusty materialGenerally applicablebEnclosed equipment. When dusty materials are used the emissions are collected and sent to an abatement systemOnly applicable for feed blends prepared with a dosing bin or loss-in-weight systemcMixing of raw materials carried out in an enclosed buildingOnly applicable for dusty materials. For existing plants, application may be difficult due to the space requireddDust suppression systems such as water spraysOnly applicable for mixing carried out outdoorsePelletisation of raw materialsApplicable only when the process and the furnace can use pelletised raw materials

BAT 91. In order to prevent or reduce diffuse emissions from material pretreatment (such as drying, dismantling, sintering, briquetting, pelletising and battery crushing, screening and classifying) in primary lead and secondary lead and/or tin production, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below. TechniqueaEnclosed conveyer or pneumatic transfer system for dusty materialbEnclosed equipment. When dusty materials are used the emissions are collected and sent to an abatement system BAT 92. In order to prevent or reduce diffuse emissions from charging, smelting and tapping operations in lead and/or tin production, and from pre-decoppering operations in primary lead production, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueApplicabilityaEncapsulated charging system with an air extraction systemGenerally applicablebSealed or enclosed furnaces with door sealing for processes with a discontinuous feed and outputGenerally applicablecOperate furnace and gas routes under negative pressure and at a sufficient gas extraction rate to prevent pressurisationGenerally applicabledCapture hood/enclosures at charging and tapping pointsGenerally applicableeEnclosed buildingGenerally applicablefComplete hood coverage with an air extraction systemIn existing plants or major upgrades of existing plants, application may be difficult due to the space requirementsgMaintain furnace sealingGenerally applicablehMaintain the temperature in the furnace at the lowest required levelGenerally applicableiApply a hood at the tapping point, ladles and drossing area with an air extraction systemGenerally applicablejPretreatment of dusty raw material, such as pelletisationApplicable only when the process and the furnace can use pelletised raw materialskApply a doghouse for ladles during tappingGenerally applicablelAn air extraction system for charging and tapping area connected to a filtration systemGenerally applicable BAT 93. In order to prevent or reduce diffuse emissions from remelting, refining and casting in primary and secondary lead and/or tin production, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaHood on the crucible furnace or kettle with an air extraction systembLids to close the kettle during the refining reactions and addition of chemicalscHood with air extraction system at launders and tapping pointsdTemperature control of the melteClosed mechanical skimmers for removal of dusty dross/residues 1.4.1.2. Channelled dust emissions BAT 94. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from raw material preparation (such as reception, handling, storage, metering, mixing, blending, drying, crushing, cutting and screening) in primary and secondary lead/or and tin production, BAT is to use a bag filter. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 22. Table 22 BAT-associated emission levels for dust emissions to air from raw material preparation in primary and secondary lead and/or tin production

As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust≤ 5 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. BAT 95. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from battery preparation (crushing, screening and classifying), BAT is to use a bag filter or a wet scrubber. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 23. Table 23 BAT-associated emission levels for dust emissions to air from battery preparation (crushing, screening and classifying) As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust≤ 5 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. BAT 96. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air (other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid or liquid SO2 plant) from charging, smelting and tapping in primary and secondary lead and/or tin production, BAT is to use a bag filter. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 24. Table 24 BAT-associated emission levels for dust and lead emissions to air (other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid or liquid SO2 plant) from charging, smelting and tapping in primary and secondary lead and/or tin production As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. Dust emissions are expected to be towards the lower end of the range when emissions are above the following levels: 1 mg/Nm3 for copper, 0,05 mg/Nm3 for arsenic, 0,05 mg/Nm3 for cadmium. As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust2-4Pb≤ 1 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. BAT 97. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from remelting, refining and casting in primary and secondary lead and/or tin production, BAT is to use the techniques given below. TechniqueaFor pyrometallurgical processes: maintain the temperature of the melt bath at the lowest possible level according to the process stage in combination with a bag filterbFor hydrometallurgical processes: use a wet scrubber BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 25. Table 25 BAT-associated emission levels for dust and lead emissions to air from remelting, refining and casting in primary and secondary lead and/or tin production As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. Dust emissions are expected to be towards the lower end of the range when emissions are above the following levels: 1 mg/Nm3 for copper, 1 mg/Nm3 for antimony, 0,05 mg/Nm3 for arsenic, 0,05 mg/Nm3 for cadmium. As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust2-4Pb≤ 1 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.4.1.3. Organic compound emissions BAT 98. In order to reduce emissions of organic compounds to air from the raw material drying and smelting process in secondary lead and/or tin production, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueApplicabilityaSelect and feed the raw materials according to the furnace and the abatement techniques usedGenerally applicablebOptimise combustion conditions to reduce the emissions of organic compoundsGenerally applicablecAfterburner or regenerative thermal oxidiserThe applicability is restricted by the energy content of the off-gases that need to be treated, as off-gases with a lower energy content lead to a higher use of fuels

BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 26. Table 26 BAT-associated emission levels for TVOC emissions to air from the raw material drying and smelting process in secondary lead and/or tin production As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)TVOC10-40 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. BAT 99. In order to reduce PCDD/F emissions to air from the smelting of secondary lead and/or tin raw materials, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaSelect and feed the raw materials according to the furnace and the abatement techniques usedbUse charging systems, for a semi-closed furnace, to give small additions of raw material cInternal burner system for melting furnacesdAfterburner or regenerative thermal oxidisereAvoid exhaust systems with a high dust build-up at temperatures > 250 °CfRapid quenchinggInjection of adsorption agent in combination with efficient dust collection systemhUse of efficient dust collection systemiUse of oxygen injection in the upper zone of the furnacejOptimise combustion conditions to reduce the emissions of organic compounds BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 27. Table 27 BAT-associated emission levels for PCDD/F emissions to air from the smelting of secondary lead and/or tin raw materials As an average over a sampling period of at least six hours. ParameterBAT-AEL (ng I-TEQ/Nm3)PCDD/F≤ 0,1 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.4.1.4. Sulphur dioxide emissions BAT 100. In order to prevent or reduce SO2 emissions to air (other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid or liquid SO2 plant) from charging, smelting and tapping in primary and secondary lead and/or tin production, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueApplicabilityaAlkaline leaching of raw materials that contain sulphur in the form of sulphateGenerally applicablebDry or semi-dry scrubberGenerally applicablecWet scrubber Applicability may be limited in the following cases: very high off-gas flow rates (due to the significant amounts of waste and waste water generated) in arid areas (due to the large volume of water necessary and the need for waste water treatment) dFixation of sulphur in the smelt phaseOnly applicable for secondary lead production Description BAT 100(a): An alkali salt solution is used to remove sulphates from secondary materials prior to smelting. BAT 100(d): The fixation of sulphur in the smelt phase is achieved by adding iron and soda (Na2CO3) in the smelters which react with the sulphur contained in the raw materials to form Na2S-FeS slag. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 28. Table 28 BAT-associated emission levels for SO2 emissions to air (other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid or liquid SO2 plant) from charging, smelting and tapping in primary and secondary lead and/or tin production

As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. When wet scrubbers are not applicable, the upper end of the range is 500 mg/Nm3. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)SO250-350 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.4.2. Soil and groundwater protection BAT 101. In order to prevent the contamination of soil and groundwater from battery storage, crushing, screening and classifying operations, BAT is to use an acid-resistant floor surface and a system for the collection of acid spillages. 1.4.3. Waste water generation and treatment BAT 102. In order to prevent the generation of waste water from the alkaline leaching process, BAT is to reuse the water from the sodium sulphate crystallisation of the alkali salt solution. BAT 103. In order to reduce emissions to water from battery preparation when the acid mist is sent to the waste water treatment plant, BAT is to operate an adequately designed waste water treatment plant to abate the pollutants contained in this stream. 1.4.4. Waste BAT 104. In order to reduce the quantities of waste sent for disposal from primary lead production, BAT is to organise operations on site so as to facilitate process residues reuse or, failing that, process residues recycling, including by using one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaReuse of the dust from the dust removal system in the lead production processGenerally applicablebSe and Te recovery from wet or dry gas cleaning dust/sludgeThe applicability can be limited by the quantity of mercury presentcAg, Au, Bi, Sb and Cu recovery from the refining drossGenerally applicabledRecovery of metals from the waste water treatment sludgeDirect smelting of the waste water treatment plant sludge might be limited by the presence of elements such as As, Tl and CdeAddition of flux materials that make the slag more suitable for external useGenerally applicable BAT 105. In order to allow the recovery of the polypropylene and polyethylene content of the lead battery, BAT is to separate it from the batteries prior to smelting. Applicability This may not be applicable for shaft furnaces due to the gas permeability provided by undismantled (whole) batteries, which is required by the furnace operations. BAT 106. In order to reuse or recover the sulphuric acid collected from the battery recovery process, BAT is to organise operations on site so as to facilitate its internal or external reuse or recycling, including one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaReuse as a pickling agentGenerally applicable depending on the local conditions such as presence of the pickling process and compatibility of the impurities present in the acid with the processbReuse as raw material in a chemical plantApplicability may be restricted depending on the local availability of a chemical plantcRegeneration of the acid by crackingOnly applicable when a sulphuric acid or liquid sulphur dioxide plant is presentdProduction of gypsumOnly applicable if the impurities present in the recovery acid do not affect the gypsum quality or if gypsum of a lower quality can be used for other purposes such as a flux agenteProduction of sodium sulphateOnly applicable for the alkaline leaching process

BAT 107. In order to reduce the quantities of waste sent for disposal from secondary lead and/or tin production, BAT is to organise operations on site so as to facilitate process residues reuse or, failing that, process residues recycling, including by using one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaReuse the residues in the smelting process to recover lead and other metalsbTreat the residues and the wastes in dedicated plants for material recoverycTreat the residues and the wastes so that they can be used for other applications 1.5. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR ZINC AND/OR CADMIUM PRODUCTION 1.5.1. Primary zinc production 1.5.1.1. Hydrometallurgical zinc production 1.5.1.1.1. Energy BAT 108. In order to use energy efficiently, BAT is to recover heat from the off-gases produced in the roaster using one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaUse a waste heat boiler and turbines to produce electricityApplicability may be restricted depending on energy prices and the energy policy of the Member StatebUse a waste heat boiler and turbines to produce mechanical energy to be used within the processGenerally applicablecUse a waste heat boiler to produce heat to be used within the process and/or for office heatingGenerally applicable 1.5.1.1.2. Air emissions 1.5.1.1.2.1. Diffuse emissions BAT 109. In order to reduce diffuse dust emissions to air from the roaster feed preparation and the feeding itself, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below. TechniqueaWet feedingbCompletely enclosed process equipment connected to an abatement system BAT 110. In order to reduce diffuse dust emissions to air from calcine processing, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below. TechniqueaPerform operations under negative pressurebCompletely enclosed process equipment connected to an abatement system BAT 111. In order to reduce diffuse emissions to air from leaching, solid-liquid separation and purification, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaCover tanks with a lidGenerally applicablebCover process liquid inlet and outlet laundersGenerally applicablecConnect tanks to a central mechanical draught abatement system or to a single tank abatement systemGenerally applicabledCover vacuum filters with hoods and connect them to an abatement systemOnly applicable to the filtering of hot liquids in the leaching and solid-liquid separation stages BAT 112. In order to reduce diffuse emissions to air from electrowinning, BAT is to use additives, especially foaming agents, in the electrowinning cells. 1.5.1.1.2.2. Channelled emissions BAT 113. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from the handling and storage of raw materials, dry roaster feed preparation, dry roaster feeding and calcine processing, BAT is to use a bag filter. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 29. Table 29 BAT-associated emission levels for dust emissions to air from the handling and storage of raw materials, dry roaster feed preparation, dry roaster feeding and calcine processing

As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust≤ 5 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. BAT 114. In order to reduce zinc and sulphuric acid emissions to air from leaching, purification and electrolysis, and to reduce arsane and stibane emissions from purification, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaWet scrubberbDemistercCentrifugal system BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 30. Table 30 BAT-associated emission levels for zinc and sulphuric acid emissions to air from leaching, purification and electrolysis and for arsane and stibane emissions from purification As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Zn≤ 1H2SO4< 10Sum of AsH3 and SbH3≤ 0,5 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.5.1.1.3. Soil and groundwater protection BAT 115. In order to prevent soil and groundwater contamination, BAT is to use a watertight bunded area for tanks used during leaching or purification and a secondary containment system of the cell houses. 1.5.1.1.4. Waste water generation BAT 116. In order to reduce fresh water consumption and prevent the generation of waste water, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaReturn of the bleed from the boiler and the water from the closed cooling circuits of the roaster to the wet gas cleaning or the leaching stagebReturn of the waste water from the cleaning operations/spills of the roaster, the electrolysis and the casting to the leaching stagecReturn of the waste water from the cleaning operations/spills of the leaching and purification, the filter cake washing and the wet gas scrubbing to the leaching and/or purification stages 1.5.1.1.5. Waste BAT 117. In order to reduce the quantities of waste sent for disposal, BAT is to organise operations on site so as to facilitate process residues reuse or, failing that, process residues recycling, including by using one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaReuse of the dust collected in the concentrate storage and handling within the process (together with the concentrate feed)Generally applicablebReuse of the dust collected in the roasting process via the calcine siloGenerally applicablecRecycling of residues containing lead and silver as raw material in an external plantApplicable depending on the metal content and on the availability of a market/processdRecycling of residues containing Cu, Co, Ni, Cd, Mn as raw material in an external plant to obtain a saleable productApplicable depending on the metal content and on the availability of a market/process BAT 118. In order to make the leaching waste suitable for final disposal, BAT is to use one of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaPyrometallurgical treatment in a Waelz kilnOnly applicable to neutral leaching wastes that do not contain too many zinc ferrites and/or do not contain high concentrations of precious metalsbJarofix processOnly applicable to jarosite iron residues. Limited applicability due to an existing patentcSulphidation processOnly applicable to jarosite iron residues and direct leach residuesdCompacting iron residuesOnly applicable to goethite residues and gypsum-rich sludge from the waste water treatment plant

Description BAT 118(b): The Jarofix process consists of mixing jarosite precipitates with Portland cement, lime and water. BAT 118(c): The sulphidation process consists of the addition of NaOH and Na2S to the residues in an elutriating tank and in sulphidation reactors. BAT 118(d): Compacting iron residues consists of reducing the moisture content by means of filters and the addition of lime or other agents. 1.5.1.2. Pyrometallurgical zinc production 1.5.1.2.1. Air emissions 1.5.1.2.1.1. Channelled dust emissions BAT 119. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air (other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid plant) from pyrometallurgical zinc production, BAT is to use a bag filter. Applicability In the event of a high organic carbon content in the concentrates (e.g. around 10 wt-%), bag filters might not be applicable due to the blinding of the bags and other techniques (e.g. wet scrubber) might be used. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 31. Table 31 BAT-associated emission levels for dust emissions to air (other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid plant) from pyrometallurgical zinc production As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. When a bag filter is not applicable, the upper end of the range is 10 mg/Nm3. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust2-5 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. BAT 120. In order to reduce SO2 emissions to air (other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid plant) from pyrometallurgical zinc production, BAT is to use a wet desulphurisation technique. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 32. Table 32 BAT-associated emission levels for SO2 emissions to air (other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid plant) from pyrometallurgical zinc production As a daily average. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)SO2≤ 500 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.5.2. Secondary zinc production 1.5.2.1. Air emissions 1.5.2.1.1. Channelled dust emissions BAT 121. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from pelletising and slag processing, BAT is to use a bag filter. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 33. Table 33 BAT-associated emission levels for dust emissions to air from pelletising and slag processing As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust≤ 5 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. BAT 122. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from the melting of metallic and mixed metallic/oxidic streams, and from the slag fuming furnace and the Waelz kiln, BAT is to use a bag filter. Applicability A bag filter may not be applicable for a clinker operation (where chlorides need to be abated instead of metal oxides). BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 34. Table 34 BAT-associated emission levels for dust emissions to air from the melting of metallic and mixed metallic/oxidic streams, and from the slag fuming furnace and the Waelz kiln As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. When a bag filter is not applicable, the upper end of the range may be higher, up to 15 mg/Nm3.

Dust emissions are expected to be towards the lower end of the range when emissions of arsenic or cadmium are above 0,05 mg/Nm3. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust2-5 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.5.2.1.2. Organic compound emissions BAT 123. In order to reduce emissions of organic compounds to air from the melting of metallic and mixed metallic/oxidic streams, and from the slag fuming furnace and the Waelz kiln, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueApplicabilityaInjection of adsorbent (activated carbon or lignite coke) followed by a bag filter and/or ESPGenerally applicablebThermal oxidiserGenerally applicablecRegenerative thermal oxidiserMay not be applicable due to safety reasons BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 35. Table 35 BAT-associated emission levels for emissions to air of TVOC and PCDD/F from the melting of metallic and mixed metallic/oxidic streams, and from the slag fuming furnace and the Waelz kiln As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. As an average over a sampling period of at least six hours. ParameterUnitBAT-AELTVOCmg/Nm32-20PCDD/Fng I-TEQ/Nm3≤ 0,1 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.5.2.1.3. Acid emissions BAT 124. In order to reduce emissions of HCl and HF to air from the melting of metallic and mixed metallic/oxidic streams, and from the slag fuming furnace and the Waelz kiln, BAT is to use one of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueProcessaInjection of adsorbent followed by a bag filter Melting of metallic and mixed metallic/oxidic streams Waelz kiln bWet scrubber — Slag fuming furnace BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 36. Table 36 BAT-associated emission levels for emissions of HCl and HF to air from the melting of metallic and mixed metallic/oxidic streams, and from the slag fuming furnace and the Waelz kiln As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)HCl≤ 1,5HF≤ 0,3 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.5.2.2. Waste water generation and treatment BAT 125. In order to reduce the consumption of fresh water in the Waelz kiln process, BAT is to use multiple-stage countercurrent washing. Description Water coming from a previous washing stage is filtered and reused in the following washing stage. Two or three stages can be used, allowing up to three times less water consumption in comparison with single-stage countercurrent washing. BAT 126. In order to prevent or reduce halide emissions to water from the washing stage in the Waelz kiln process, BAT is to use crystallisation. 1.5.3. Melting, alloying and casting of zinc ingots and zinc powder production 1.5.3.1. Air emissions 1.5.3.1.1. Diffuse dust emissions BAT 127. In order to reduce diffuse dust emissions to air from the melting, alloying and casting of zinc ingots, BAT is to use equipment under negative pressure. 1.5.3.1.2. Channelled dust emissions

BAT 128. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from the melting, alloying and casting of zinc ingots and zinc powder production, BAT is to use a bag filter. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 37. Table 37 BAT-associated emission levels for dust emissions to air from the melting, alloying and casting of zinc ingots and zinc powder production As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust≤ 5 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.5.3.2. Waste water BAT 129. In order to prevent the generation of waste water from the melting and casting of zinc ingots, BAT is to reuse the cooling water. 1.5.3.3. Waste BAT 130. In order to reduce the quantities of waste sent for disposal from the melting of zinc ingots, BAT is to organise operations on site so as to facilitate process residues reuse or, failing that, process residues recycling, including by using one or both of the techniques given below. TechniqueaUse of the oxidised fraction of the zinc dross and the zinc-bearing dust from the melting furnaces in the roasting furnace or in the hydrometallurgical zinc production processbUse of the metallic fraction of the zinc dross and the metallic dross from cathode casting in the melting furnace or recovery as zinc dust or zinc oxide in a zinc refining plant 1.5.4. Cadmium production 1.5.4.1. Air emissions 1.5.4.1.1. Diffuse emissions BAT 131. In order to reduce diffuse emissions to air, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below. TechniqueaCentral extraction system connected to an abatement system for leaching and solid-liquid separation in hydrometallurgical production; for briquetting/pelletising and fuming in pyrometallurgical production; and for melting, alloying and casting processesbCover cells for the electrolysis stage in hydrometallurgical production 1.5.4.1.2. Channelled dust emissions BAT 132. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from pyrometallurgical cadmium production and the melting, alloying and casting of cadmium ingots, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueApplicabilityaBag filterGenerally applicablebESPGenerally applicablecWet scrubber Applicability may be limited in the following cases: very high off-gas flow rates (due to the significant amounts of waste and waste water generated) in arid areas (due to the large volume of water necessary and the need for waste water treatment) BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 38. Table 38 BAT-associated emission levels for dust and cadmium emissions to air from pyrometallurgical cadmium production and the melting, alloying and casting of cadmium ingots As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust2-3Cd≤ 0,1 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.5.4.2. Waste BAT 133. In order to reduce the quantities of waste sent for disposal from hydrometallurgical cadmium production, BAT is to organise operations on site so as to facilitate process residues reuse or, failing that, process residues recycling, including by using one of the techniques given below.

TechniqueApplicabilityaExtract the cadmium from the zinc process as a cadmium-rich cementate in the purification section, further concentrate and refine it (by electrolysis or a pyrometallurgical process) and finally transform it into marketable cadmium metal or cadmium compoundsOnly applicable if an economically viable demand existsbExtract the cadmium from the zinc process as a cadmium-rich cementate in the purification section, and then apply a set of hydrometallurgical operations in order to obtain a cadmium-rich precipitate (e.g. cement (Cd metal), Cd(OH)2) that is landfilled, while all other process flows are recycled in the cadmium plant or in the zinc plant flowOnly applicable if suitable landfill is available 1.6. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR PRECIOUS METALS PRODUCTION 1.6.1. Air emissions 1.6.1.1. Diffuse emissions BAT 134. In order to reduce diffuse emissions to air from a pretreatment operation (such as crushing, sieving and mixing), BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaEnclose pretreatment areas and transfer systems for dusty materialsbConnect pretreatment and handling operations to dust collectors or extractors via hoods and a ductwork system for dusty materialscElectrically interlock pretreatment and handling equipment with their dust collector or extractor, in order to ensure that no equipment may be operated unless the dust collector and filtering system are in operation BAT 135. In order to reduce diffuse emissions to air from smelting and melting (both Doré and non-Doré operations), BAT is to use all of the techniques given below. TechniqueaEnclose buildings and/or smelting furnace areasbPerform operations under negative pressurecConnect furnace operations to dust collectors or extractors via hoods and a ductwork systemdElectrically interlock furnace equipment with their dust collector or extractor, in order to ensure that no equipment may be operated unless the dust collector and filtering system are in operation BAT 136. In order to reduce diffuse emissions to air from leaching and gold electrolysis, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaClosed tanks/vessels and closed pipes for transfer of solutionsbHoods and extraction systems for electrolytic cellscWater curtain for gold production, to prevent chlorine gas emissions during the leaching of anode slimes with hydrochloric acid or other solvents BAT 137. In order to reduce diffuse emissions from a hydrometallurgical operation, BAT is to use all of the techniques given below. TechniqueaContainment measures, such as sealed or enclosed reaction vessels, storage tanks, solvent extraction equipment and filters, vessels and tanks fitted with level control, closed pipes, sealed drainage systems, and planned maintenance programmesbReaction vessels and tanks connected to a common ductwork system with off-gas extraction (automatic standby/back-up unit available in case of failure) BAT 138. In order to reduce diffuse emissions to air from incineration, calcining and drying, BAT is to use all of the techniques given below.

TechniqueaConnect all calcining furnaces, incinerators and drying ovens to a ductwork system extracting process exhaust gasesbScrubber plant on a priority electricity circuit which is served by a back-up generator in the event of power failurecOperating start-up and shutdown, spent acid disposal, and fresh acid make-up of scrubbers via an automated control system BAT 139. In order to reduce diffuse emissions to air from the melting of final metal products during refining, BAT is to use both of the techniques given below. TechniqueaEnclosed furnace with negative pressurebAppropriate housing, enclosures and capture hoods with efficient extraction/ventilation 1.6.1.2. Channelled dust emissions BAT 140. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from all dusty operations, such as crushing, sieving, mixing, melting, smelting, incineration, calcining, drying and refining, BAT is to use one of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueApplicabilityaBag filterMay not be applicable for off-gases containing a high level of volatilised selenium bWet scrubber in combination with an ESP, allowing the recovery of seleniumOnly applicable to off-gases containing volatilised selenium (e.g. Doré metal production) BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 39. Table 39 BAT-associated emission levels for dust emissions to air from all dusty operations, such as crushing, sieving, mixing, melting, smelting, incineration, calcining, drying and refining As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust2-5 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.6.1.3. NOX emissions BAT 141. In order to reduce NOX emissions to air from a hydrometallurgical operation involving dissolving/leaching with nitric acid, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaAlkaline scrubber with caustic sodabScrubber with oxidation agents (e.g. oxygen, hydrogen peroxide) and reducing agents (e.g. nitric acid, urea) for those vessels in hydrometallurgical operations with the potential to generate high concentrations of NOX. It is often applied in combination with BAT 141(a) BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 40. Table 40 BAT-associated emission levels for NOX emissions to air from a hydrometallurgical operation involving dissolving/leaching with nitric acid As an hourly average or as an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)NOX70-150 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.6.1.4. Sulphur dioxide emissions BAT 142. In order to reduce SO2 emissions to air (other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid plant) from a melting and smelting operation for the production of Doré metal, including the associated incineration, calcining and drying operations, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueApplicabilityaLime injection in combination with a bag filterGenerally applicablebWet scrubber

Applicability may be limited in the following cases: very high off-gas flow rates (due to the significant amounts of waste and waste water generated) in arid areas (due to the large volume of water necessary and the need for waste water treatment) BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 41. Table 41 BAT-associated emission levels for SO2 emissions to air (other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid plant) from a melting and smelting operation for the production of Doré metal, including the associated incineration, calcining and drying operations As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)SO250-480 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. BAT 143. In order to reduce SO2 emissions to air from a hydrometallurgical operation, including the associated incineration, calcining and drying operations, BAT is to use a wet scrubber. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 42. Table 42 BAT-associated emission levels for SO2 emissions to air from a hydrometallurgical operation, including the associated incineration, calcining and drying operations As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)SO250-100 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.6.1.5. HCl and Cl2 emissions BAT 144. In order to reduce HCl and Cl2 emissions to air from a hydrometallurgical operation, including the associated incineration, calcining and drying operations, BAT is to use an alkaline scrubber. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 43. Table 43 BAT-associated emission levels for HCl and Cl2 emissions to air from a hydrometallurgical operation, including the associated incineration, calcining and drying operations As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)HCl≤ 5-10Cl20,5-2 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.6.1.6. NH3 emissions BAT 145. In order to reduce NH3 emissions to air from a hydrometallurgical operation using ammonia or ammonium chloride, BAT is to use a wet scrubber with sulphuric acid. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 44. Table 44 BAT-associated emission levels for NH3 emissions to air from a hydrometallurgical operation using ammonia or ammonium chloride As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)NH31-3 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.6.1.7. PCDD/F emissions BAT 146. In order to reduce PCDD/F emissions to air from a drying operation where the raw materials contain organic compounds, halogens or other PCDD/F precursors, from an incineration operation, and from a calcining operation, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaAfterburner or regenerative thermal oxidiserbInjection of adsorption agent in combination with an efficient dust collection systemcOptimise combustion or process conditions for the abatement of emissions of organic compoundsdAvoid exhaust systems with a high dust build-up for temperatures > 250 °CeRapid quenchingfThermal destruction of PCDD/F in the furnace at high temperatures (> 850 °C)gUse of oxygen injection in the upper zone of the furnacehInternal burner system

BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 45. Table 45 BAT-associated emission levels for PCDD/F emissions to air from a drying operation where the raw materials contain organic compounds, halogens or other PCDD/F precursors, from an incineration operation, and from a calcining operation As an average over a sampling period of at least six hours. ParameterBAT-AEL (ng I-TEQ/Nm3)PCDD/F≤ 0,1 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.6.2. Soil and groundwater protection BAT 147. In order to prevent soil and groundwater contamination, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaUse of sealed drainage systemsbUse of double-walled tanks or placement in resistant bundscUse of impermeable and acid-resistant floorsdAutomatic level control of reaction vessels 1.6.3. Waste water generation BAT 148. In order to prevent the generation of waste water, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below. TechniqueaRecycling of spent/recovered scrubbing liquids and other hydrometallurgical reagents in leaching and other refining operationsbRecycling of solutions from leaching, extraction and precipitation operations 1.6.4. Waste BAT 149. In order to reduce the quantities of waste sent for disposal, BAT is to organise operations on site so as to facilitate process residues reuse or, failing that, process residues recycling, including by using one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueProcessaRecovery of the metal content from slags, filter dust and residues of the wet dedusting systemDoré productionbRecovery of the selenium collected in the wet dedusting system’s off-gases containing volatilised seleniumcRecovery of silver from spent electrolyte and spent slime washing solutionsSilver electrolytic refiningdRecovery of metals from residues from electrolyte purification (e.g. silver cement, copper carbonate-based residue)eRecovery of gold from electrolyte, slimes and solutions from the gold leaching processesGold electrolytic refiningfRecovery of metals from spent anodesSilver or gold electrolytic refininggRecovery of platinum group metals from platinum group metal-enriched solutionshRecovery of metals from the treatment of process end liquorsAll processes 1.7. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR FERRO-ALLOYS PRODUCTION 1.7.1. Energy BAT 150. In order to use energy efficiently, BAT is to recover energy from the CO-rich exhaust gas generated in a closed submerged arc furnace or in a closed plasma dust process using one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaUse of a steam boiler and turbines to recover the energy content of the exhaust gas and produce electricityApplicability may be restricted depending on energy prices and the energy policy of the Member StatebDirect use of the exhaust gas as fuel within the process (e.g. for drying raw materials, preheating charging materials, sintering, heating of ladles)Only applicable if a demand for process heat existscUse of the exhaust gas as fuel in neighbouring plantsOnly applicable if an economically viable demand for this type of fuel exists

BAT 151. In order to use energy efficiently, BAT is to recover energy from the hot exhaust gas generated in a semi-closed submerged arc furnace using one or both of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaUse of a waste heat boiler and turbines to recover the energy content of the exhaust gas and produce electricityApplicability may be restricted depending on energy prices and the energy policy of the Member StatebUse of a waste heat boiler to produce hot waterOnly applicable if an economically viable demand exists BAT 152. In order to use energy efficiently, BAT is to recover energy from the exhaust gas generated in an open submerged arc furnace via the production of hot water. Applicability Only applicable if an economically viable demand for hot water exists. 1.7.2. Air emissions 1.7.2.1. Diffuse dust emissions BAT 153. In order to prevent or reduce and collect diffuse emissions to air from tapping and casting, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaUse of a hooding systemFor existing plants, applicable depending on the configuration of the plantbAvoid casting by using ferro-alloys in the liquid stateOnly applicable when the consumer (e.g. steel producer) is integrated with the ferro-alloy producer 1.7.2.2. Channelled dust emissions BAT 154. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from the storage, handling and transport of solid materials, and from pretreatment operations such as metering, mixing, blending and degreasing, and from tapping, casting and packaging, BAT is to use a bag filter. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 46. BAT 155. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from crushing, briquetting, pelletising and sintering, BAT is to use a bag filter or a bag filter in combination with other techniques. Applicability The applicability of a bag filter may be limited in the case of low ambient temperatures (– 20 °C to – 40 °C) and high humidity of the off-gases, as well as for the crushing of CaSi due to safety concerns (i.e. explosivity). BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 46. BAT 156. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from an open or a semi-closed submerged arc furnace, BAT is to use a bag filter. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 46. BAT 157. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from a closed submerged arc furnace or a closed plasma dust process, BAT is to use one of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueApplicabilityaWet scrubber in combination with an ESPGenerally applicablebBag filterGenerally applicable unless safety concerns exist related to the CO and H2 content in the exhaust gases BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 46. BAT 158. In order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from a refractory-lined crucible for the production of ferro-molybdenum and ferro-vanadium, BAT is to use a bag filter. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 46. Table 46

BAT-associated emission levels for dust emissions to air from ferro-alloys production As an average over the sampling period. As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. The upper end of the range can be up to 10 mg/Nm3 for cases where a bag filter cannot be used. The upper end of the range may be up to 15 mg/Nm3 for the production of FeMn, SiMn, CaSi due to the sticky nature of the dust (caused e.g. by its hygroscopic capacity or chemical characteristics) affecting the efficiency of the bag filter. Dust emissions are expected to be towards the lower end of the range when emissions of metals are above the following levels: 1 mg/Nm3 for lead, 0,05 mg/Nm3 for cadmium, 0,05 mg/Nm3 for chromiumVI, 0,05 mg/Nm3 for thallium. ParameterProcessBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust Storage, handling and transport of solid materials Pretreatment operations such as metering, mixing, blending and degreasing Tapping, casting and packaging 2-5Crushing, briquetting, pelletising and sintering2-5Open or semi-closed submerged arc furnace2-5 Closed submerged arc furnace or closed plasma dust process Refractory-lined crucible for the production of ferro-molybdenum and ferro-vanadium 2-5 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.7.2.3. PCDD/F emissions BAT 159. In order to reduce PCDD/F emissions to air from a furnace producing ferro-alloys, BAT is to inject adsorbents and to use an ESP and/or a bag filter. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 47. Table 47 BAT-associated emission levels for PCDD/F emissions to air from a furnace producing ferro-alloys As an average over a sampling period of at least six hours. ParameterBAT-AEL (ng I-TEQ/Nm3)PCDD/F≤ 0,05 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.7.2.4. PAH and organic compound emissions BAT 160. In order to reduce PAH and organic compound emissions to air from the degreasing of titanium swarf in rotary kilns, BAT is to use a thermal oxidiser. 1.7.3. Waste BAT 161. In order to reduce the quantities of slag sent for disposal, BAT is to organise operations on site so as to facilitate slag reuse or, failing that, slag recycling, including by using one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaUse of slag in construction applicationsOnly applicable to slags from high-carbon FeCr and SiMn production, slags from alloy recovery from steel mill residues and standard exhaust slag from FeMn and FeMo productionbUse of slag as sandblasting gritOnly applicable to slags from high-carbon FeCr productioncUse of slag for refractory castablesOnly applicable to slags from high-carbon FeCr productiondUse of slag in the smelting processOnly applicable to slags from silico-calcium productioneUse of slag as raw material for the production of silico-manganese or other metallurgical applicationsOnly applicable to rich slag (high content of MnO) from FeMn production BAT 162. In order to reduce the quantities of filter dust and sludge sent for disposal, BAT is to organise operations on site so as to facilitate filter dust and sludge reuse or, failing that, filter dust and sludge recycling, including one or a combination of the techniques given below.

Highly contaminated dusts and sludges cannot be reused or recycled. Reuse and recycling might also be limited by accumulation problems (e.g. reusing dust from FeCr production might lead to Zn accumulation in the furnace). TechniqueApplicabilityaUse of filter dust in the smelting processOnly applicable to filter dust from FeCr and FeMo productionbUse of filter dust in stainless steel productionOnly applicable to filter dust from crushing and screening operations in high-carbon FeCr productioncUse of filter dust and sludge as a concentrate feedOnly applicable to filter dust and sludge from the off-gas cleaning in Mo roasting dUse of filter dust in other industriesOnly applicable to FeMn, SiMn, FeNi, FeMo and FeV productioneUse of micro-silica as an additive in the cement industryOnly applicable to micro-silica from FeSi and Si productionfUse of filter dust and sludge in the zinc industryOnly applicable to furnace dust and wet scrubber sludge from the alloy recovery from steel mill residues 1.8. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR NICKEL AND/OR COBALT PRODUCTION 1.8.1. Energy BAT 163. In order to use energy efficiently, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaUse of oxygen-enriched air in smelting furnaces and oxygen convertersbUse of heat recovery boilerscUse of the flue-gas generated in the furnace within the process (e.g. drying)dUse of heat exchangers 1.8.2. Air emissions 1.8.2.1. Diffuse emissions BAT 164. In order to reduce diffuse dust emissions to air from the charging of a furnace, BAT is to use enclosed conveyor systems. BAT 165. In order to reduce diffuse dust emissions to air from smelting, BAT is to use covered and hooded launders connected to an abatement system. BAT 166. In order to reduce diffuse dust emissions from converting processes, BAT is to use operation under negative pressure and capture hoods connected to an abatement system. BAT 167. In order to reduce diffuse emissions from atmospheric and pressure leaching, BAT is to use both of the techniques given below. TechniqueaSealed or closed reactors, settlers and pressure autoclaves/vesselsbUse of oxygen or chlorine instead of air in leaching stages BAT 168. In order to reduce diffuse emissions from solvent extraction refining, BAT is to use one of the techniques given below. TechniqueaUse of a low or a high shear mixer for the solvent/aqueous mixturebUse of covers for the mixer and separatorcUse of completely sealed tanks connected to an abatement system BAT 169. In order to reduce diffuse emissions from electrowinning, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaCollection and reuse of chlorine gasOnly applicable to chloride-based electrowinningbUse of polystyrene beads to cover cellsGenerally applicablecUse of foaming agents to cover the cells with a stable layer of foamOnly applicable to sulphate-based electrowinning BAT 170. In order to reduce diffuse emissions from the hydrogen reduction process when producing nickel powder and nickel briquettes (pressure processes), BAT is to use a sealed or closed reactor, a settler and a pressure autoclave/vessel, a powder conveyor and a product silo.

1.8.2.2. Channelled dust emissions BAT 171. When processing sulphidic ores, in order to reduce dust and metal emissions to air from the handling and storage of raw materials, material pretreatment processes (such as ore preparation and ore/concentrate drying), furnace charging, smelting, converting, thermal refining and nickel powder and briquette production, BAT is to use a bag filter or a combination of an ESP and a bag filter. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 48. Table 48 BAT-associated emission levels for dust emissions to air from the handling and storage of raw materials, material pretreatment processes (such as ore preparation and ore/concentrate drying), furnace charging, smelting, converting, thermal refining and nickel powder and briquette production when processing sulphidic ores As a daily average or as an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust2-5 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.8.2.3. Nickel and chlorine emissions BAT 172. In order to reduce nickel and chlorine emissions to air from the atmospheric or pressure leaching processes, BAT is to use a wet scrubber. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 49. Table 49 BAT-associated emission levels for nickel and chlorine emissions to air from the atmospheric or pressure leaching processes As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Ni≤ 1Cl2≤ 1 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. BAT 173. In order to reduce nickel emissions to air from the nickel matte refining process using ferric chloride with chlorine, BAT is to use a bag filter. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 50. Table 50 BAT-associated emission levels for nickel emissions to air from the nickel matte refining process using ferric chloride with chlorine As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Ni≤ 1 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.8.2.4. Sulphur dioxide emissions BAT 174. When processing sulphidic ores, in order to reduce SO2 emissions to air (other than those that are routed to the sulphuric acid plant) from smelting and converting, BAT is to use one of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaLime injection followed by a bag filterbWet scrubber 1.8.2.5. NH3 emissions BAT 175. In order to reduce NH3 emissions to air from nickel powder and briquette production, BAT is to use a wet scrubber. 1.8.3. Waste BAT 176. In order to reduce the quantities of waste sent for disposal, BAT is to organise operations on site so as to facilitate process residues reuse or, failing that, process residues recycling, including by using one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueApplicabilityaUse of the granulated slag generated in the electric arc furnace (used in smelting) as an abrasive or construction materialApplicability depends on the metal content of the slagbUse of the off-gas dust recovered from the electric arc furnace (used in smelting) as a raw material for zinc productionGenerally applicablecUse of the matte granulation off-gas dust recovered from the electric arc furnace (used in smelting) as a raw material for the nickel refinery/re-smeltingGenerally applicabledUse of the sulphur residue obtained after matte filtration in the chlorine-based leaching as a raw material for sulphuric acid productionGenerally applicableeUse of the iron residue obtained after sulphate-based leaching as a feed to the nickel smelterApplicability depends on the metal content of the wastefUse of the zinc carbonate residue obtained from the solvent extraction refining as a raw material for zinc productionApplicability depends on the metal content of the waste

gUse of the copper residues obtained after leaching from the sulphate- and chlorine-based leaching as a raw material for copper productionGenerally applicable 1.9. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR CARBON AND/OR GRAPHITE PRODUCTION 1.9.1. Air emissions 1.9.1.1. Diffuse emissions BAT 177. In order to reduce diffuse PAH emissions to air from the storage, handling and transport of liquid pitch, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. TechniqueaBack-venting of the liquid pitch storage tankbCondensation by external and/or internal cooling with air and/or water systems (e.g. conditioning towers), followed by filtration techniques (adsorption scrubbers or ESP)cCollection and transfer of collected off-gases to abatement techniques (dry scrubber or thermal oxidiser/regenerative thermal oxidiser) available at other stages of the process (e.g. mixing and shaping or baking) 1.9.1.2. Dust and PAH emissions BAT 178. In order to reduce dust emissions to air from the storage, handling and transportation of coke and pitch, and mechanical processes (such as grinding) and graphitising and machining, BAT is to use a bag filter. BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 51. Table 51 BAT-associated emission levels for dust and BaP (as an indicator of PAH) emissions to air from the storage, handling and transportation of coke and pitch, and mechanical processes (such as grinding) and graphitising and machining As an average over the sampling period. BaP particles are only expected if processing solid pitch. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust2-5BaP≤ 0,01 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. BAT 179. In order to reduce dust and PAH emissions to air from the production of green paste and green shapes, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaDry scrubber using coke as the adsorbent agent and with or without precooling, followed by a bag filterbCoke filtercRegenerative thermal oxidiserdThermal oxidiser BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 52. Table 52 BAT-associated emission levels for dust and BaP (as an indicator of PAH) emissions to air from the production of green paste and green shapes As an average over the sampling period. The lower end of the range is associated with the use of a dry scrubber using coke as the adsorbent agent followed by a bag filter. The upper end of the range is associated with the use of a thermal oxidiser. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust2-10BaP0,001-0,01 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. BAT 180. In order to reduce dust and PAH emissions to air from baking, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueApplicabilityaESP, in combination with a thermal oxidation step (e.g. regenerative thermal oxidiser) when highly volatile compounds are expectedGenerally applicablebRegenerative thermal oxidiser, in combination with a pretreatment (e.g. ESP) in cases of a high dust content in the exhaust gasGenerally applicablecThermal oxidiserNot applicable to continuous ring furnaces

BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 53. Table 53 BAT-associated emission levels for dust and BaP (as an indicator of PAH) emissions to air from baking and rebaking As an average over the sampling period. The lower end of the range is associated with the use of a combination of an ESP and a regenerative thermal oxidiser. The higher end of the range is associated with the use of a thermal oxidiser. The lower end of the range is associated with the use of a thermal oxidiser. The upper end of the range is associated with the use of a combination of an ESP and a regenerative thermal oxidiser. For cathode production, the upper end of the range is 0,05 mg/Nm3. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust2-10BaP0,005-0,015 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. BAT 181. In order to reduce dust and PAH emissions to air from impregnation, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaDry scrubber followed by a bag filter bCoke filtercThermal oxidiser BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 54. Table 54 BAT-associated emission levels for dust and BaP (as an indicator of PAH) emissions to air from impregnation As an average over the sampling period. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)Dust2-10BaP0,001-0,01 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.9.1.3. Sulphur dioxide emissions BAT 182. In order to reduce SO2 emissions to air when there is a sulphur addition in the process, BAT is to use a dry and/or wet scrubber. 1.9.1.4. Organic compound emissions BAT 183. In order to reduce emissions of organic compounds to air, including phenol and the formaldehyde from the impregnation stage where special impregnation agents such as resins and biodegradable solvents are used, BAT is to use one of the techniques given below. Descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.10. TechniqueaRegenerative thermal oxidiser in combination with an ESP for the mixing, baking and impregnation stagesbBiofilter and/or bioscrubber for the impregnation stage where special impregnation agents such as resins and biodegradable solvents are used BAT-associated emission levels: See Table 55. Table 55 BAT-associated emission levels for TVOC emissions to air from mixing, baking and impregnation As an average over the sampling period. The lower end of the range is associated with the use of an ESP in combination with a regenerative thermal oxidiser. The upper end of the range is associated with the use of a biofilter and/or a bioscrubber. ParameterBAT-AEL (mg/Nm3)TVOC≤ 10-40 The associated monitoring is in BAT 10. 1.9.2. Waste BAT 184. In order to reduce the quantities of waste sent for disposal, BAT is to organise operations on site so as to facilitate process residues reuse or, failing that, process residues recycling, including by reuse or recycling of carbon and other residues from the production processes within the process or in other external processes. 1.10. DESCRIPTION OF TECHNIQUES 1.10.1. Air emissions The techniques described below are listed according to the main pollutant(s) they are aimed to abate.

1.10.1.1. Dust emissions TechniqueDescriptionBag filterBag filters, often referred to as fabric filters, are constructed from porous woven or felted fabric through which gases flow to remove particles. The use of a bag filter requires a fabric material selection suited to the characteristics of the off-gases and the maximum operating temperature.Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)Electrostatic precipitators operate such that particles are charged and separated under the influence of an electrical field. They are capable of operating over a wide range of conditions. In a dry ESP, the collected material is mechanically removed (e.g. by shaking, vibration, compressed air), while in a wet ESP it is flushed with a suitable liquid, usually water.Wet scrubberWet scrubbing entails separating the dust by intensively mixing the incoming gas with water, usually combined with the removal of the coarse particles through the use of centrifugal force. The removed dust is collected at the bottom of the scrubber. Also, substances such as SO2, NH3, some VOC and heavy metals may be removed 1.10.1.2. NOX emissions TechniqueDescriptionLow-NOX burnerLow-NOX burners reduce the formation of NOX by reducing peak flame temperatures, delaying but completing the combustion and increasing the heat transfer (increased emissivity of the flame). The ultra-low-NOx burners includes combustion staging (air/fuel) and flue-gas recirculationOxy-fuel burnerThe technique involves the replacement of the combustion air with oxygen, with the consequent elimination/reduction of thermal NOX formation from nitrogen entering the furnace. The residual nitrogen content in the furnace depends on the purity of the oxygen supplied, on the quality of the fuel and on the potential air inletFlue-gas recirculationThis implies the reinjection of flue-gas from the furnace into the flame to reduce the oxygen content and therefore the temperature of the flame. The use of special burners is based on internal recirculation of combustion gases which cool the root of the flames and reduce the oxygen content in the hottest part of the flames 1.10.1.3. SO2, HCl, and HF emissions TechniqueDescriptionDry or semi-dry scrubber Dry powder or a suspension/solution of an alkaline reagent (e.g. lime or sodium bicarbonate) is introduced and dispersed in the off-gas stream. The material reacts with the acidic gaseous species (e.g. SO2) to form a solid which is removed by filtration (bag filter or electrostatic precipitator). The use of a reaction tower improves the removal efficiency of the scrubbing system. Adsorption can also be achieved by the use of packed towers (e.g. coke filter). For existing plants, the performance is linked to process parameters such as temperature (min. 60 °C), moisture content, contact time, gas fluctuations and to the capability of the dust filtration system (e.g. bag filter) to cope with the additional dust load Wet scrubber In the wet scrubbing process, gaseous compounds are dissolved in a scrubbing solution (e.g. an alkaline solution containing lime, NaOH, or H2O2). Downstream of the wet scrubber, the off-gases are saturated with water and a separation of the droplets is carried out before discharging the off-gases. The resulting liquid is further treated by a waste water process and the insoluble matter is collected by sedimentation or filtration.

For existing plants, this technique may require significant space availability Use of low-sulphur fuelsThe use of natural gas or low-sulphur fuel oil reduces the amount of SO2 and SO3 emissions from the oxidation of sulphur contained in the fuel during combustionPolyether-based absorption/desorption systemA polyether-based solvent is used to selectively absorb the SO2 from the exhaust gases. Then the absorbed SO2 is stripped in another column and the solvent is fully regenerated. The stripped SO2 is used to produce liquid SO2 or sulphuric acid 1.10.1.4. Mercury emissions TechniqueDescriptionActivated carbon adsorptionThis process is based on the adsorption of mercury onto the activated carbon. When the surface has adsorbed as much as it can, the adsorbed content is desorbed as part of the regeneration of the adsorbentSelenium adsorptionThis process is based on the use of selenium-coated spheres in a packed bed. The red amorphous selenium reacts with the mercury in the gas to form HgSe. The filter is then treated to regenerate the selenium. 1.10.1.5. VOC, PAH, and PCDD/F emissions TechniqueDescriptionAfterburner or thermal oxidiserCombustion system in which the pollutant within the exhaust gas stream reacts with oxygen in a temperature-controlled environment to create an oxidation reactionRegenerative thermal oxidiserCombustion system that employs a regenerative process to utilise the thermal energy in the gas and carbon compounds by using refractory support beds. A manifold system is needed to change the direction of the gas flow to clean the bed. It is also known as a regenerative afterburnerCatalytic thermal oxidiserCombustion system where the decomposition is carried out on a metal catalyst surface at lower temperatures, typically from 350 °C to 400 °C. It is also known as a catalytic afterburnerBiofilterIt consists of a bed of organic or inert material, where pollutants from off-gas streams are biologically oxidised by microorganismsBioscrubberIt combines wet gas scrubbing (absorption) and biodegradation, the scrubbing water containing a population of microorganisms suitable to oxidise the noxious gas componentsSelect and feed the raw materials according to the furnace and the abatement techniques usedThe raw materials are selected in such a way that the furnace and the abatement system used to achieve the required abatement performance can treat the contaminants contained in the feed properly Optimise combustion conditions to reduce the emissions of organic compoundsGood mixing of air or oxygen and carbon content, control of the temperature of the gases and residence time at high temperatures to oxidise the organic carbon comprising PCDD/F. It can also include the use of enriched air or pure oxygenUse charging systems, for a semi-closed furnace, to give small additions of raw materialAdd raw material in small portions in semi-closed furnaces to reduce the furnace cooling effect during charging. This maintains a higher gas temperature and prevents the reformation of PCDD/FInternal burner systemThe exhaust gas is directed through the burner flame and the organic carbon is converted with oxygen to CO2Avoid exhaust systems with a high dust build-up for temperatures > 250 °CThe presence of dust at temperatures above 250 °C promotes the formation of PCDD/F by de novo synthesisInjection of adsorption agent in combination with efficient dust collection systemPCDD/F may be adsorbed onto dust and hence emissions can be reduced using an efficient dust filtration system. The use of a specific adsorption agent promotes this process and reduces the emissions of PCDD/FRapid quenchingPCDD/F de novo synthesis is prevented by rapid gas cooling from 400 °C to 200 °C

1.10.2. Water emissions TechniquesDescriptionsChemical precipitationThe conversion of dissolved pollutants into an insoluble compound by adding chemical precipitants. The solid precipitates formed are subsequently separated by sedimentation, flotation or filtration. If necessary, this may be followed by ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis. Typical chemicals used for metal precipitation are lime, sodium hydroxide, and sodium sulphide.SedimentationThe separation of suspended particles and suspended material by gravitational settlingFlotationThe separation of solid or liquid particles from waste water by attaching them to fine gas bubbles, usually air. The buoyant particles accumulate at the water surface and are collected with skimmersFiltrationThe separation of solids from waste water by passing them through a porous medium. Sand is the most commonly used filtering mediumUltrafiltrationA filtration process in which membranes with pore sizes of approximately 10 μm are used as the filtering mediumActivated carbon filtrationA filtration process in which activated carbon is used as the filtering mediumReverse osmosisA membrane process in which a pressure difference applied between the compartments separated by the membrane causes water to flow from the more concentrated solution to the less concentrated one 1.10.3. Other TechniquesDescriptionsDemisterDemisters are filter devices that remove entrained liquid droplets from a gas stream. They consist of a woven structure of metal or plastic wires, with a high specific surface area. Through their momentum, small droplets present in the gas stream impinge against the wires and coalesce into bigger dropsCentrifugal systemCentrifugal systems use inertia to remove droplets from off-gas streams by imparting centrifugal forcesBoosted suction systemSystems designed to modify the extraction fan capacity based on the sources of the fumes which change over the charging, melting and tapping cycles. Automated control of the burner rate during charging is also applied to ensure a minimum gas flow during operations with the door openedCentrifugation of swarfCentrifugation is a mechanical method to separate the oil from the swarf. To increase the velocity of the sedimentation process, a centrifugation force is applied to the swarf and the oil is separatedDrying of swarfThe swarf drying process uses an indirectly heated rotary drum. To remove the oil, a pyrolytic process takes place at a temperature between 300 °C and 400 °CSealed furnace door or furnace door sealingThe furnace door is designed to provide efficient sealing to prevent diffuse emissions escaping and to maintain the positive pressure inside the furnace during the smelting/melting stage